A 240 × 160 3D-Stacked SPAD dToF Image Sensor With Rolling Shutter and In-Pixel Histogram for Mobile Devices Article Swipe

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Chao Zhang , Ning Zhang , Zhijie Ma , Letian Wang , Yu Qin , Jieyang Jia , Kai Zang ·

YOU? · · 2021 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ojsscs.2021.3118332

A 240 160 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensor integrated with a 3D-stacked 65nm/65nm CMOS technology is reported for direct time-of-flight (dToF) 3D imaging in mobile devices. The top tier is occupied by backside illuminated SPADs with 16 pitch and 49.7% fill-factor. The SPADS consists of multiple 1616 SPADs top groups, in which each of 8 8 SPADs sub-group shares a 10-bit, 97.65ps and 100ns range time-to-digital converter (TDC) in a quad-partition rolling shutter mode. During the exposure of each rolling stage, partial histogramming readout (PHR) approach is implemented to compress photon events to in-pixel histograms. Since the fine histograms is incomplete, for the first time we propose histogram distortion correction (HDC) algorithm to solve the linearity discontinuity at the coarse bin edges. With this algorithm, depth measurement up to 9.5m achieves an accuracy of 1cm and precision of 9mm in office lighting condition. Outdoor measurement with 10 klux sunlight achieves a maximum distance detection of 4m at 20 fps, using a VCSEL laser with the average power of 90 mW and peak power of 15 W.

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Artificial Intelligence

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Histogram Image sensor Pixel Bin Light-emitting diode Mathematics Computer science Optics Physics Algorithm Image (mathematics) Artificial intelligence

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Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.1109/ojsscs.2021.3118332
PDF: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782712/9733783/09565145.pdf
OA Status: gold
Cited By: 59
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ojsscs.2021.3118332

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Title: A 240 × 160 3D-Stacked SPAD dToF Image Sensor With Rolling Shutter and In-Pixel Histogram for Mobile Devices

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Type: article

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Language: en

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Publication year: 2021

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Publication date: 2021-10-28

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Authors: Chao Zhang, Ning Zhang, Zhijie Ma, Letian Wang, Yu Qin, Jieyang Jia, Kai Zang

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Landing page: https://doi.org/10.1109/ojsscs.2021.3118332

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Concepts: Histogram, Image sensor, Pixel, Bin, Light-emitting diode, Mathematics, Computer science, Optics, Physics, Algorithm, Image (mathematics), Artificial intelligence

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Cited by: 59

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