A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-Based Decentralized Storage Networks Article Swipe
Muhammad Irfan Khalid
,
Ibtisam Ehsan
,
Ayman Al-Ani
,
Jawaid Iqbal
,
Saddam Hussain
,
Syed Sajid Ullah
,
Nayab
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237
Blockchains are a new approach to creating distributed networks that were first introduced in 2008. It allows the formation of peer-to-peer networks based on consensus, forming chains from accepted blocks without requiring a central authority or centralized controller. A prominent application of this technology is its use in decentralized storage systems. Individuals in decentralized storage networks rent unused hardware storage space to other individuals. A decentralized network utilizing end-to-end encryption eliminates the risk of data loss associated with centralized data control by enabling clients to transmit their files securely. The storage providers must prove that they have kept unaltered files in this network for this time. Many studies have been conducted in this specific domain, most targeting storage capacity and efficiency, but a security, integrity and privacy loophole need to be addressed. This paper presents an overview of blockchain-based storage systems and how they work, followed by a comparison with cloud-based storage networks and a survey of various decentralized storage networks like SIA, File coin, and Storj available on the market. Next, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain-based storage. In our final discussion, we examine the security problems of decentralized storage networks and explore potential solutions and research directions for the future.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026822.pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 92
- References
- 135
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4320002784
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4320002784Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-Based Decentralized Storage NetworksWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Muhammad Irfan Khalid, Ibtisam Ehsan, Ayman Al-Ani, Jawaid Iqbal, Saddam Hussain, Syed Sajid Ullah, NayabList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026822.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026822.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Computer science, Blockchain, Cloud storage, Distributed data store, Storage area network, Computer data storage, Information repository, Computer security, Computer network, Controller (irrigation), Encryption, Distributed computing, Operating system, Biology, AgronomyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
92Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 45, 2024: 35, 2023: 12Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
135Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4320002784 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4320002784 |
| fwci | 56.90086167 |
| type | article |
| title | A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-Based Decentralized Storage Networks |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 11 |
| biblio.last_page | 11015 |
| biblio.first_page | 10995 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10270 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| topics[0].display_name | Blockchain Technology Applications and Security |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11478 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9926000237464905 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1705 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Computer Networks and Communications |
| topics[1].display_name | Caching and Content Delivery |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11614 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9883999824523926 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| topics[2].display_name | Cloud Data Security Solutions |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320323704 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/040v70252 |
| funders[0].display_name | Universiti Malaysia Sabah |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1850 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1850 |
| apc_paid.value | 1850 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1850 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[0].level | 0 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7791602611541748 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2779687700 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7361589074134827 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Blockchain |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C2777059624 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6050435900688171 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914359 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Cloud storage |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C24885549 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5838462710380554 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339678 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Distributed data store |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C67646966 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.539516806602478 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237576 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Storage area network |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C194739806 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5272892117500305 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Computer data storage |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C3102742 |
| concepts[6].level | 3 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4794375002384186 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031177 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Information repository |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C38652104 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4643761217594147 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Computer security |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C31258907 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.460290789604187 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Computer network |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C203479927 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4549432098865509 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Controller (irrigation) |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C148730421 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.4033876061439514 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Encryption |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C120314980 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.38779062032699585 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Distributed computing |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C111919701 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.12360924482345581 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Operating system |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C6557445 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Agronomy |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7791602611541748 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7361589074134827 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Blockchain |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-storage |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6050435900688171 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Cloud storage |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-data-store |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5838462710380554 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Distributed data store |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/storage-area-network |
| keywords[4].score | 0.539516806602478 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Storage area network |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-data-storage |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5272892117500305 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Computer data storage |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/information-repository |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4794375002384186 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Information repository |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4643761217594147 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Computer security |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network |
| keywords[8].score | 0.460290789604187 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Computer network |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/controller |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4549432098865509 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Controller (irrigation) |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption |
| keywords[10].score | 0.4033876061439514 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Encryption |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing |
| keywords[11].score | 0.38779062032699585 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Distributed computing |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system |
| keywords[12].score | 0.12360924482345581 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Operating system |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1109/access.2023.3240237 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026822.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a2a52d6c5bbd49119f6ed6c3410a3a0a |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 10995-11015 (2023) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/a2a52d6c5bbd49119f6ed6c3410a3a0a |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5111033642 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Muhammad Irfan Khalid |
| authorships[0].countries | IT |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I131729948 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I131729948 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0192m2k53 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I131729948 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University of Salerno |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Muhammad Irfan Khalid |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5068550361 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1804-8670 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Ibtisam Ehsan |
| authorships[1].countries | PK |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1323252656 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Information Technology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1323252656 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00ngv8j44 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1323252656 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Information Technology University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Ibtisam Ehsan |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Information Technology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5035195192 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-5887 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Ayman Al-Ani |
| authorships[2].countries | MY |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I161371597 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Network Engineering, Faculty of Computing and Informatics (FCI), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I161371597 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/040v70252 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I161371597 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Universiti of Malaysia Sabah |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Ayman Khallel Al-Ani |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Network Engineering, Faculty of Computing and Informatics (FCI), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5048409819 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5045-7485 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Jawaid Iqbal |
| authorships[3].countries | PK |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210088086 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210088086 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/004776246 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210088086 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Capital University of Science and Technology |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Jawaid Iqbal |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100698089 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-1330 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Saddam Hussain |
| authorships[4].countries | BN, PK |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I189462010 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE, Brunei |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I263208278 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Hazara University Mansehra, Dhodial, Pakistan |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I189462010 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02qnf3n86 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I189462010 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | BN |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Universiti Brunei Darussalam |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I263208278 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/018y22094 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I263208278 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].country_code | PK |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].display_name | Hazara University |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Saddam Hussain |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Hazara University Mansehra, Dhodial, Pakistan, School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE, Brunei |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5072148840 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5406-0389 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Syed Sajid Ullah |
| authorships[5].countries | NO, US |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I200650556 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Information and Communication Technology, University of Agder (UiA), Grimstad, Norway |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I7863295 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I200650556 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03x297z98 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I200650556 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | NO |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | University of Agder |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I7863295 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02g7kd627 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I7863295 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].display_name | Villanova University |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Syed Sajid Ullah |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA, Department of Information and Communication Technology, University of Agder (UiA), Grimstad, Norway |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5053403167 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Nayab |
| authorships[6].countries | PK |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801349156 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Information Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2801349156 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05vtb1235 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2801349156 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | University of Haripur |
| authorships[6].author_position | last |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | None Nayab |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Information Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026822.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | A Comprehensive Survey on Blockchain-Based Decentralized Storage Networks |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10270 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Computer Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| primary_topic.display_name | Blockchain Technology Applications and Security |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2021496484, https://openalex.org/W4304813833, https://openalex.org/W2116047956, https://openalex.org/W3212006542, https://openalex.org/W1970765678, https://openalex.org/W2386835860, https://openalex.org/W2102822217, https://openalex.org/W3131832785, https://openalex.org/W2348283597, https://openalex.org/W2943000852 |
| cited_by_count | 92 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 45 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 35 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 12 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2023.3240237 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026822.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2023.3240237 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10026822.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3240237 |
| publication_date | 2023-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2918510451, https://openalex.org/W3010641087, https://openalex.org/W2581472239, https://openalex.org/W2099632396, https://openalex.org/W2741101267, https://openalex.org/W3016908633, https://openalex.org/W3129562788, https://openalex.org/W3118306882, https://openalex.org/W2800289685, https://openalex.org/W3080926209, https://openalex.org/W2922407904, https://openalex.org/W2770725165, https://openalex.org/W3204022715, https://openalex.org/W6804367867, https://openalex.org/W4321021970, https://openalex.org/W3162192447, https://openalex.org/W2733099770, https://openalex.org/W2889667964, https://openalex.org/W2885697013, https://openalex.org/W4283726478, https://openalex.org/W3201382077, https://openalex.org/W4226370874, https://openalex.org/W4229041123, https://openalex.org/W3168875645, https://openalex.org/W4214699190, https://openalex.org/W4282947304, https://openalex.org/W3201661595, https://openalex.org/W3047409995, https://openalex.org/W3182600824, https://openalex.org/W3165069935, https://openalex.org/W2970158705, https://openalex.org/W2897280001, https://openalex.org/W3189808908, https://openalex.org/W2999840132, https://openalex.org/W4211097499, https://openalex.org/W3138110244, https://openalex.org/W3043753875, https://openalex.org/W3125945638, https://openalex.org/W4289829075, https://openalex.org/W4206772848, https://openalex.org/W3085384216, https://openalex.org/W4214668907, https://openalex.org/W3172913907, https://openalex.org/W3138422319, https://openalex.org/W4295137429, https://openalex.org/W3157110089, https://openalex.org/W3211133361, https://openalex.org/W2966329817, https://openalex.org/W2620284884, https://openalex.org/W2896404329, https://openalex.org/W2884059381, https://openalex.org/W3006891894, https://openalex.org/W3191562442, https://openalex.org/W4312852590, https://openalex.org/W4226493528, https://openalex.org/W2940781845, https://openalex.org/W6638711193, https://openalex.org/W4312685566, https://openalex.org/W4284973743, https://openalex.org/W2486203518, https://openalex.org/W2987961606, https://openalex.org/W2945845273, https://openalex.org/W2907165388, https://openalex.org/W3081190979, https://openalex.org/W3004298054, https://openalex.org/W4229011045, https://openalex.org/W4283592206, https://openalex.org/W3017089210, https://openalex.org/W2794417375, https://openalex.org/W3088345572, https://openalex.org/W3015280513, https://openalex.org/W3209025213, https://openalex.org/W2910815950, https://openalex.org/W3015706729, https://openalex.org/W2954485493, https://openalex.org/W3148852035, https://openalex.org/W2930456362, https://openalex.org/W2537745404, https://openalex.org/W2810011639, https://openalex.org/W2891724828, https://openalex.org/W2949002869, https://openalex.org/W2999073610, https://openalex.org/W2810711254, https://openalex.org/W2897450989, https://openalex.org/W3047097167, https://openalex.org/W3185923926, https://openalex.org/W2876503617, https://openalex.org/W2995625611, https://openalex.org/W3112923378, https://openalex.org/W2900815210, https://openalex.org/W4210819127, https://openalex.org/W4285597224, https://openalex.org/W3012447079, https://openalex.org/W2977445462, https://openalex.org/W2769309011, https://openalex.org/W2908136211, https://openalex.org/W3162502442, https://openalex.org/W3111372432, https://openalex.org/W2890549115, https://openalex.org/W2900464333, https://openalex.org/W2894786170, https://openalex.org/W2792809817, https://openalex.org/W3027316238, https://openalex.org/W2998297336, https://openalex.org/W4246923688, https://openalex.org/W2124160553, https://openalex.org/W4212785766, https://openalex.org/W4250223664, https://openalex.org/W438106924, https://openalex.org/W2766800499, https://openalex.org/W6940975673, https://openalex.org/W3043208878, https://openalex.org/W2886209944, https://openalex.org/W2910199432, https://openalex.org/W2903179251, https://openalex.org/W3130112166, https://openalex.org/W3041363918, https://openalex.org/W3119481882, https://openalex.org/W4295856994, https://openalex.org/W2971941632, https://openalex.org/W2977876145, https://openalex.org/W2625806818, https://openalex.org/W2765967890, https://openalex.org/W2898841373, https://openalex.org/W3029616508, https://openalex.org/W3098723088, https://openalex.org/W2916302992, https://openalex.org/W2915095113, https://openalex.org/W3099251797, https://openalex.org/W3105706723, https://openalex.org/W3013043262, https://openalex.org/W3103334741, https://openalex.org/W3002424897, https://openalex.org/W3147439942, https://openalex.org/W3215572144 |
| referenced_works_count | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 38, 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 2, 32, 122, 147, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.It | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 81, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 13, 47, 52, 100, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 19, 41, 73, 137, 156, 178, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 23, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 5, 61, 84, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 172, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 119, 125, 141, 153, 165, 176, 194, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 103, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.how | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 17, 71, 169, 174, 187, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.File | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Many | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SIA, | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 74, 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 96, 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kept | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.like | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.loss | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.most | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.must | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.need | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rent | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.risk | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 9, 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.they | 95, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 42, 101, 104, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 77, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2008. | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Next, | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Storj | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coin, | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.files | 87, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.final | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prove | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.space | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time. | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work, | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allows | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blocks | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chains | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.survey | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unused | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.central | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clients | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discuss | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.domain, | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examine | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explore | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.forming | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.future. | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.market. | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network | 66, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.privacy | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.storage | 49, 54, 59, 90, 117, 139, 151, 159, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.without | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accepted | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capacity | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.creating | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enabling | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.followed | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hardware | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.loophole | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.networks | 8, 21, 55, 152, 160, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overview | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problems | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.security | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.storage. | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems. | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transmit | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.authority | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.available | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formation | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integrity | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prominent | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.providers | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requiring | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.securely. | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.security, | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solutions | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.targeting | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unaltered | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utilizing | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addressed. | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advantages | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparison | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consensus, | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.directions | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.eliminates | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.encryption | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.end-to-end | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introduced | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technology | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Blockchains | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Individuals | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.application | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.centralized | 36, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cloud-based | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controller. | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discussion, | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distributed | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiency, | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individuals. | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.peer-to-peer | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decentralized | 48, 53, 65, 158, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disadvantages | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blockchain-based | 138, 179 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 99 |
| countries_distinct_count | 6 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.99896791 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |