A CSI-Based Indoor Positioning System Using Single UWB Ranging Correction Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196447
A fingerprint-based localization system is an economic way to solve an indoor positioning problem. However, the traditional off-line fingerprint collection stage is a time-consuming and laborious process which limits the use of fingerprint-based localization systems. In this paper, based on ubiquitous Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) equipment and a low-cost Ultra-Wideband (UWB) ranging system (with only one UWB anchor), a ready-to-use indoor localization system is proposed to realize long-term and high-accuracy indoor positioning. More specifically, in this system, it is divided into two stages: (1) an initial stage, and (2) a positioning stage. In the initial stage, an Inertial Measure Unit (IMU) is used to calculate the position using Pedestrian Dead Reckon (PDR) algorithm within a preset number of steps, and the location-related fingerprints are collected to train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) regression model; simultaneously, in order to make the UWB ranging system adapt to the Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) environment, the increments of acceleration and angular velocity in IMU and the increments of single UWB ranging measures are correlated to pre-train a Supported Vector Regression (SVR). After reaching the threshold of time or step number, the system is changed into a positioning stage, and the CNN predicts the position calibrated by corrected UWB ranging. At last, a series of practical experiments are conducted in the real environment; the experiment results show that, due to the corrected UWB ranging measures calibrating the CNN parameters in every positioning period, this system has stable localization results in a comparative long-term range. Additionally, it has the advantages of stability, low cost, anti-noise, etc.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196447
- https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6447/pdf?version=1632738975
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 19
- References
- 51
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3201912782
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3201912782Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196447Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
A CSI-Based Indoor Positioning System Using Single UWB Ranging CorrectionWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-09-27Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Keliu Long, Darryl Franck Nsalo Kong, Kun Zhang, Chuan Tian, Chong ShenList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196447Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6447/pdf?version=1632738975Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6447/pdf?version=1632738975Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Ranging, Inertial measurement unit, Non-line-of-sight propagation, Computer science, Indoor positioning system, Fingerprint (computing), Real-time computing, Ultra-wideband, Fidelity, Positioning system, Artificial intelligence, Inertial navigation system, Wireless, Computer vision, Accelerometer, Engineering, Inertial frame of reference, Telecommunications, Structural engineering, Physics, Node (physics), Quantum mechanics, Operating systemTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
19Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 4, 2024: 6, 2023: 2, 2022: 7Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
51Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3201912782 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196447 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196447 |
| ids.mag | 3201912782 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34640767 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3201912782 |
| fwci | 1.37522134 |
| type | article |
| title | A CSI-Based Indoor Positioning System Using Single UWB Ranging Correction |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G6438090660 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 61861015 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| biblio.issue | 19 |
| biblio.volume | 21 |
| biblio.last_page | 6447 |
| biblio.first_page | 6447 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10326 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 1.0 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10655 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9876999855041504 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | GNSS positioning and interference |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10191 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9873999953269958 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01h0zpd94 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2400 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2598 |
| apc_paid.value | 2400 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2598 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C115051666 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.956337571144104 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Ranging |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C79061980 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7329824566841125 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Inertial measurement unit |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C154910267 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6847152709960938 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Non-line-of-sight propagation |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6479248404502869 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2777486483 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5903064608573914 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Indoor positioning system |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2777826928 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5536629557609558 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Fingerprint (computing) |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C79403827 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.5423948764801025 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Real-time computing |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C21916231 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.5301269888877869 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851424 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Ultra-wideband |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2776459999 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.45853811502456665 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Fidelity |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C2778603505 |
| concepts[9].level | 3 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4409593939781189 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Positioning system |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.43701571226119995 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C128651787 |
| concepts[11].level | 3 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.4233516454696655 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Inertial navigation system |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C555944384 |
| concepts[12].level | 2 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.35544687509536743 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Wireless |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C31972630 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.3208439350128174 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Computer vision |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C89805583 |
| concepts[14].level | 2 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.2933315336704254 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Accelerometer |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[15].level | 0 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.22836801409721375 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C173386949 |
| concepts[16].level | 2 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.14441874623298645 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Inertial frame of reference |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C76155785 |
| concepts[17].level | 1 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.13932225108146667 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Telecommunications |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C66938386 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Structural engineering |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[19].level | 0 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[20].id | https://openalex.org/C62611344 |
| concepts[20].level | 2 |
| concepts[20].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[20].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658 |
| concepts[20].display_name | Node (physics) |
| concepts[21].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[21].level | 1 |
| concepts[21].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[21].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[21].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[22].id | https://openalex.org/C111919701 |
| concepts[22].level | 1 |
| concepts[22].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[22].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135 |
| concepts[22].display_name | Operating system |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging |
| keywords[0].score | 0.956337571144104 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Ranging |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7329824566841125 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Inertial measurement unit |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6847152709960938 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Non-line-of-sight propagation |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6479248404502869 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5903064608573914 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Indoor positioning system |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5536629557609558 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Fingerprint (computing) |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing |
| keywords[6].score | 0.5423948764801025 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Real-time computing |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-wideband |
| keywords[7].score | 0.5301269888877869 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Ultra-wideband |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity |
| keywords[8].score | 0.45853811502456665 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Fidelity |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4409593939781189 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Positioning system |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[10].score | 0.43701571226119995 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-navigation-system |
| keywords[11].score | 0.4233516454696655 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Inertial navigation system |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless |
| keywords[12].score | 0.35544687509536743 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Wireless |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision |
| keywords[13].score | 0.3208439350128174 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Computer vision |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer |
| keywords[14].score | 0.2933315336704254 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Accelerometer |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[15].score | 0.22836801409721375 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-frame-of-reference |
| keywords[16].score | 0.14441874623298645 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Inertial frame of reference |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications |
| keywords[17].score | 0.13932225108146667 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Telecommunications |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/s21196447 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Sensors |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6447/pdf?version=1632738975 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Sensors |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196447 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:34640767 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34640767 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32010dd5f62445cdbcf195387a3228d7 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 19, p 6447 (2021) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/32010dd5f62445cdbcf195387a3228d7 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/19/6447/ |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400947 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | MDPI (MDPI AG) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[3].license | cc-by |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | Text |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 19; Pages: 6447 |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196447 |
| locations[4].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8513089 |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[4].license | other-oa |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[4].raw_type | Text |
| locations[4].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | False |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | Sensors (Basel) |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8513089 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5064151319 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3594-8072 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Keliu Long |
| authorships[0].countries | CN |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03q648j11 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Hainan University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Keliu Long |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5079142018 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5713-5630 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Darryl Franck Nsalo Kong |
| authorships[1].countries | CN |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03q648j11 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Hainan University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Darryl Franck Nsalo Kong |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5067420608 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-8000 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Kun Zhang |
| authorships[2].countries | CN |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I80432865 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Education Center of MTA, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I80432865 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01y5fjx51 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I80432865 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Hainan Tropical Ocean University |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03q648j11 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | CN |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | Hainan University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Kun Zhang |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Education Center of MTA, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101747129 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4825-5032 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Chuan Tian |
| authorships[3].countries | CN |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210154862 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I19820366 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/034t30j35 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | government |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210154862 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/050spgz68 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].type | facility |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210154862 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name | Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Chuan Tian |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017536688 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Chong Shen |
| authorships[4].countries | CN |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03q648j11 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I20942203 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Hainan University |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Chong Shen |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6447/pdf?version=1632738975 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | A CSI-Based Indoor Positioning System Using Single UWB Ranging Correction |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10326 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 1.0 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4312990322, https://openalex.org/W2002451294, https://openalex.org/W2134186565, https://openalex.org/W3035025758, https://openalex.org/W4281294611, https://openalex.org/W2995988144, https://openalex.org/W3118190411, https://openalex.org/W2903896792, https://openalex.org/W2353807497, https://openalex.org/W3042892905 |
| cited_by_count | 19 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 7 |
| locations_count | 5 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/s21196447 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Sensors |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6447/pdf?version=1632738975 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Sensors |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196447 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/s21196447 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Sensors |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6447/pdf?version=1632738975 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Sensors |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196447 |
| publication_date | 2021-09-27 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W3004800617, https://openalex.org/W2021987224, https://openalex.org/W3092317128, https://openalex.org/W2944136374, https://openalex.org/W3033586993, https://openalex.org/W2971655350, https://openalex.org/W2884792986, https://openalex.org/W2885353952, https://openalex.org/W3037911065, https://openalex.org/W2278572312, https://openalex.org/W2896900049, https://openalex.org/W2265608995, https://openalex.org/W2886915282, https://openalex.org/W3011387517, https://openalex.org/W2940728701, https://openalex.org/W3111162878, https://openalex.org/W2794396553, https://openalex.org/W3005785735, https://openalex.org/W2912180502, https://openalex.org/W2955095732, https://openalex.org/W2969806791, https://openalex.org/W2902750893, https://openalex.org/W3109816597, https://openalex.org/W2774472083, https://openalex.org/W2957185354, https://openalex.org/W6776751362, https://openalex.org/W3047861007, https://openalex.org/W2924475988, https://openalex.org/W3128443425, https://openalex.org/W2999654750, https://openalex.org/W3089639240, https://openalex.org/W2968704336, https://openalex.org/W2949050565, https://openalex.org/W3048417451, https://openalex.org/W2128190945, https://openalex.org/W1993793087, https://openalex.org/W3126672254, https://openalex.org/W2344328023, https://openalex.org/W6684191040, https://openalex.org/W2971892512, https://openalex.org/W2913926073, https://openalex.org/W2982144023, https://openalex.org/W3045503378, https://openalex.org/W3132545547, https://openalex.org/W3011320190, https://openalex.org/W3025896677, https://openalex.org/W3048035347, https://openalex.org/W3094620144, https://openalex.org/W2163605009, https://openalex.org/W2618530766, https://openalex.org/W3021770953 |
| referenced_works_count | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 22, 46, 57, 88, 113, 126, 169, 188, 204, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.At | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 35, 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 5, 10, 83, 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 73, 134, 155, 211, 231, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 4, 21, 62, 77, 100, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 76, 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 31, 116, 150, 160, 178, 206, 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 8, 64, 102, 124, 136, 143, 167, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(1) | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(2) | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CNN | 193, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.IMU | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.UWB | 55, 139, 162, 200, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 24, 45, 67, 86, 118, 152, 157, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 122, 165, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 237, 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 15, 29, 92, 104, 119, 138, 144, 148, 158, 176, 183, 192, 195, 212, 215, 222, 228, 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.way | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Dead | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.More | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Unit | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.etc. | 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 79, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.make | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.only | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.real | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.step | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 36, 74, 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CNN) | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(IMU) | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PDR) | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(UWB) | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(with | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.After | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adapt | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cost, | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.every | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.last, | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.order | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solve | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stage | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that, | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.train | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(NLoS) | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SVR). | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Neural | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Reckon | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Vector | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indoor | 11, 59, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limits | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model; | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper, | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preset | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.range. | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.series | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.single | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stable | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stage, | 85, 94, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stage. | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.steps, | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 3, 51, 61, 141, 184, 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Wi-Fi) | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Measure | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Network | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.angular | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.changed | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.divided | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.initial | 84, 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number, | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.period, | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.process | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ranging | 50, 140, 163, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.realize | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 217, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stages: | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system, | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Fidelity | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Inertial | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Wireless | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anchor), | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.economic | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low-cost | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measures | 164, 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.off-line | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.position | 105, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predicts | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problem. | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ranging. | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reaching | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems. | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.velocity | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Supported | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithm | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calculate | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collected | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.corrected | 199, 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.equipment | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.laborious | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long-term | 66, 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practical | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pre-train | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.threshold | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pedestrian | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Regression | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advantages | 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibrated | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collection | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correlated | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experiment | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increments | 149, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameters | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regression | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stability, | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ubiquitous | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anti-noise, | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibrating | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparative | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experiments | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fingerprint | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positioning | 12, 89, 189, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traditional | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acceleration | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environment, | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environment; | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fingerprints | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.localization | 2, 33, 60, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positioning. | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ready-to-use | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Additionally, | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Convolutional | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-accuracy | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specifically, | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Ultra-Wideband | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time-consuming | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simultaneously, | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.location-related | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Non-Line-of-Sight | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fingerprint-based | 1, 32 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 94 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5067420608, https://openalex.org/A5017536688 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20942203, https://openalex.org/I80432865 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.550000011920929 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Decent work and economic growth |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.83019306 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |