A framework for conditional statement technical debt identification and description Article Swipe
Abdulaziz Alhefdhi
,
Hoa Khanh Dam
,
Yusuf Sulistyo Nugroho
,
Hideaki Hata
,
Takashi Ishio
,
Aditya Ghose
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8
Technical Debt occurs when development teams favour short-term operability over long-term stability. Since this places software maintainability at risk, technical debt requires early attention to avoid paying for accumulated interest. Most of the existing work focuses on detecting technical debt using code comments, known as Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD). However, there are many cases where technical debt instances are not explicitly acknowledged but deeply hidden in the code. In this paper, we propose a framework that caters for the absence of SATD comments in code. Our Self-Admitted Technical Debt Identification and Description (SATDID) framework determines if technical debt should be self-admitted for an input code fragment. If that is the case, SATDID will automatically generate the appropriate descriptive SATD comment that can be attached with the code. While our approach is applicable in principle to any type of code fragments, we focus in this study on technical debt hidden in conditional statements, one of the most TD-carrying parts of code. We explore and evaluate different implementations of SATDID. The evaluation results demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of our framework over multiple benchmarks. Comparing with the results from the benchmarks, our approach provides at least 21.35, 59.36, 31.78, and 583.33% improvements in terms of Precision, Recall, F-1, and Bleu-4 scores, respectively. In addition, we conduct a human evaluation to the SATD comments generated by SATDID. In 1-5 and 0–5 scales for Acceptability and Understandability, the total means achieved by our approach are 3.128 and 3.172, respectively.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- preprint
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8
- https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8.pdf
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 50
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4287549504
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4287549504Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
A framework for conditional statement technical debt identification and descriptionWork title
- Type
-
preprintOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-10-03Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Abdulaziz Alhefdhi, Hoa Khanh Dam, Yusuf Sulistyo Nugroho, Hideaki Hata, Takashi Ishio, Aditya GhoseList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Technical debt, Computer science, Identification (biology), Operability, Debt, Code (set theory), Implementation, Maintainability, Software, Software engineering, Finance, Software development, Programming language, Business, Botany, Set (abstract data type), BiologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
1Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
50Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4287549504 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2012.12466 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4287549504 |
| fwci | 0.37999111 |
| type | preprint |
| title | A framework for conditional statement technical debt identification and description |
| biblio.issue | 2 |
| biblio.volume | 29 |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10260 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9994999766349792 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| topics[0].display_name | Software Engineering Research |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T12127 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9926999807357788 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1705 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Computer Networks and Communications |
| topics[1].display_name | Software System Performance and Reliability |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12423 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9847000241279602 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1712 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Software |
| topics[2].display_name | Software Reliability and Analysis Research |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2290 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2890 |
| apc_paid.value | 2290 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2890 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C159198006 |
| concepts[0].level | 4 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.9430360794067383 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Technical debt |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6946003437042236 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C116834253 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6491677761077881 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Identification (biology) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C126231374 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6212370991706848 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061298 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Operability |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C120527767 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.6152206063270569 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Debt |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2776760102 |
| concepts[5].level | 3 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.6041042804718018 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Code (set theory) |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C26713055 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.529310941696167 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Implementation |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C160713754 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.5222312211990356 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Maintainability |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2777904410 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.3603898882865906 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Software |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C115903868 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.2540169358253479 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Software engineering |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C10138342 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.21942764520645142 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Finance |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C529173508 |
| concepts[11].level | 3 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.2191620171070099 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Software development |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C199360897 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.1471886932849884 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Programming language |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C144133560 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.12053418159484863 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Business |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C59822182 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Botany |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C177264268 |
| concepts[15].level | 2 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Set (abstract data type) |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[16].level | 0 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt |
| keywords[0].score | 0.9430360794067383 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Technical debt |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6946003437042236 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/identification |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6491677761077881 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Identification (biology) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/operability |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6212370991706848 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Operability |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/debt |
| keywords[4].score | 0.6152206063270569 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Debt |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/code |
| keywords[5].score | 0.6041042804718018 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Code (set theory) |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation |
| keywords[6].score | 0.529310941696167 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Implementation |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability |
| keywords[7].score | 0.5222312211990356 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Maintainability |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/software |
| keywords[8].score | 0.3603898882865906 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Software |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering |
| keywords[9].score | 0.2540169358253479 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Software engineering |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/finance |
| keywords[10].score | 0.21942764520645142 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Finance |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development |
| keywords[11].score | 0.2191620171070099 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Software development |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language |
| keywords[12].score | 0.1471886932849884 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Programming language |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/business |
| keywords[13].score | 0.12053418159484863 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Business |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210177399 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0928-8910, 1573-7535 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0928-8910 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Automated Software Engineering |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Springer Science+Business Media |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319900, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Springer Science+Business Media, Springer Nature |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Automated Software Engineering |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.12466 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.12466 |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | text |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.12466 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:ro.uow.edu.au:test2021-12600 |
| locations[2].is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400510 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | Research Online (University of Wollongong) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I204824540 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | University of Wollongong |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I204824540 |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | text |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Scopus Harvesting Series |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://ro.uow.edu.au/test2021/7053 |
| locations[3].id | doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.12466 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[3].license | cc-by |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | |
| locations[3].raw_type | article-journal |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2012.12466 |
| indexed_in | arxiv, crossref, datacite |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5016126693 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6162-6064 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Abdulaziz Alhefdhi |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Alhefdhi, Abdulaziz |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017181940 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4246-0526 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Hoa Khanh Dam |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Dam, Hoa Khanh |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5066179425 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-0851 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Yusuf Sulistyo Nugroho |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Nugroho, Yusuf Sulistyo |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5020711309 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5222 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Hideaki Hata |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Hata, Hideaki |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5031518343 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-699X |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Takashi Ishio |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Ishio, Takashi |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5034792852 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6175-8726 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Aditya Ghose |
| authorships[5].author_position | last |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Ghose, Aditya |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2022-07-25T00:00:00 |
| display_name | A framework for conditional statement technical debt identification and description |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10260 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Computer Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9994999766349792 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| primary_topic.display_name | Software Engineering Research |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W8717022, https://openalex.org/W11751419, https://openalex.org/W2316312, https://openalex.org/W10341741, https://openalex.org/W12519965, https://openalex.org/W2952423, https://openalex.org/W8169457, https://openalex.org/W13442439, https://openalex.org/W10280108, https://openalex.org/W12099772 |
| cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 4 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210177399 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0928-8910, 1573-7535 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0928-8910 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Automated Software Engineering |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Springer Science+Business Media |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319900, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Springer Science+Business Media, Springer Nature |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Automated Software Engineering |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210177399 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0928-8910, 1573-7535 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0928-8910 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Automated Software Engineering |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Springer Science+Business Media |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319900, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Springer Science+Business Media, Springer Nature |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Automated Software Engineering |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-022-00364-8 |
| publication_date | 2022-10-03 |
| publication_year | 2022 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W4236122429, https://openalex.org/W2754176165, https://openalex.org/W2395122565, https://openalex.org/W2089497633, https://openalex.org/W2911964244, https://openalex.org/W2057433090, https://openalex.org/W2157331557, https://openalex.org/W2963640412, https://openalex.org/W2998678832, https://openalex.org/W2579161546, https://openalex.org/W2131473536, https://openalex.org/W2373585647, https://openalex.org/W2587741066, https://openalex.org/W1972386298, https://openalex.org/W2963501364, https://openalex.org/W2064675550, https://openalex.org/W2884276923, https://openalex.org/W2612705982, https://openalex.org/W2034170092, https://openalex.org/W2149684865, https://openalex.org/W1565201084, https://openalex.org/W2009256433, https://openalex.org/W2888312537, https://openalex.org/W1902237438, https://openalex.org/W3099112256, https://openalex.org/W3047535465, https://openalex.org/W2767729231, https://openalex.org/W2130602377, https://openalex.org/W2954469728, https://openalex.org/W2168156367, https://openalex.org/W2095595785, https://openalex.org/W2559885217, https://openalex.org/W2242083635, https://openalex.org/W2101105183, https://openalex.org/W2045336717, https://openalex.org/W2966158888, https://openalex.org/W6600755840, https://openalex.org/W2165612380, https://openalex.org/W2108025693, https://openalex.org/W1444168786, https://openalex.org/W2888557792, https://openalex.org/W2920977289, https://openalex.org/W3083954092, https://openalex.org/W2395955025, https://openalex.org/W2344973853, https://openalex.org/W2799610300, https://openalex.org/W2767804392, https://openalex.org/W3015174650, https://openalex.org/W2805357019, https://openalex.org/W1968074466 |
| referenced_works_count | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 74, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.If | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 69, 211, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 18, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 100, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 223, 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.if | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 66, 84, 133, 143, 150, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 109, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 32, 81, 138, 154, 159, 167, 177, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 37, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 25, 135, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 72, 141, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1-5 | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Our | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 91, 163, 175, 198, 207, 227, 232, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.any | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 52, 59, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 28, 78, 102, 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 129, 178, 190, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 33, 67, 79, 110, 116, 126, 155, 173, 185, 188, 219, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Debt | 2, 48, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.F-1, | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Most | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SATD | 82, 119, 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.code | 42, 105, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.debt | 21, 40, 57, 98, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.most | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 10, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 76, 108, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 14, 70, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.type | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.will | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 125, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0–5 | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3.128 | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Since | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.While | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.avoid | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.case, | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cases | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.code. | 68, 85, 127, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.early | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.focus | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.human | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.input | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.known | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.least | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.means | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parts | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.risk, | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.teams | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.terms | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.there | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.total | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.where | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.21.35, | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3.172, | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.31.78, | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.59.36, | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Bleu-4 | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SATDID | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.caters | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deeply | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.favour | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hidden | 65, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occurs | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper, | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paying | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.places | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scales | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SATD). | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.583.33% | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Recall, | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SATDID. | 168, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.absence | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comment | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conduct | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explore | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.focuses | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propose | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 171, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scores, | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SATDID) | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieved | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach | 130, 191, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.attached | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comments | 83, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.existing | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generate | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiple | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provides | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requires | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.software | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Comparing | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Technical | 1, 47, 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addition, | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.attention | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comments, | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detecting | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fragment. | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.framework | 75, 94, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generated | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.instances | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interest. | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long-term | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.principle | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technical | 20, 39, 56, 97, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Precision, | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applicable | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determines | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluation | 170, 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explicitly | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fragments, | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.short-term | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stability. | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Description | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.TD-carrying | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accumulated | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.appropriate | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benchmarks, | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benchmarks. | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conditional | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.descriptive | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operability | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.statements, | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acknowledged | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improvements | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Acceptability | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Self-Admitted | 46, 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applicability | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.automatically | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectiveness | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively. | 210, 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.self-admitted | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Identification | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementations | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maintainability | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Understandability, | 233 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.5799999833106995 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Partnerships for the goals |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.59948393 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |