A Gaussian process guide for signal regression in magnetic fusion Article Swipe

PDF

Craig Michoski , Todd Oliver , D. R. Hatch , A. Diallo , Mike Kotschenreuther , D. Eldon , Matthew M. Waller , R. J. Groebner , A. Nelson ·

YOU? · · 2024 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5

Extracting reliable information from diagnostic data in tokamaks is critical for understanding, analyzing, and controlling the behavior of fusion plasmas and validating models describing that behavior. Recent interest within the fusion community has focused on the use of principled statistical methods, such as Gaussian process regression (GPR), to attempt to develop sharper, more reliable, and more rigorous tools for examining the complex observed behavior in these systems. While GPR is an enormously powerful tool, there is also the danger of drawing fragile, or inconsistent conclusions from naive GPR fits that are not driven by principled treatments. Here we review the fundamental concepts underlying GPR in a way that may be useful for broad-ranging applications in fusion science. We also revisit how GPR is developed for profile fitting in tokamaks. We examine various extensions and targeted modifications applicable to experimental observations in the edge of the DIII-D tokamak. Finally, we discuss best practices for applying GPR to fusion data.

Related Topics

Ground-Penetrating Radar

Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning

Enhanced Data Rates For Gsm Evolution

Concepts

Ground-penetrating radar Kriging Tokamak Fusion Process (computing) Computer science Sensor fusion Gaussian Gaussian process Regression Artificial intelligence Machine learning Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution Ranging Data mining Pattern recognition (psychology) Plasma Physics Mathematics Statistics Radar Nuclear physics Philosophy Quantum mechanics Linguistics Operating system Telecommunications

Metadata

Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5
PDF: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5/pdf
OA Status: diamond
Cited By: 6
References: 60
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4390574425

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4390574425

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5

Digital Object Identifier
Title: A Gaussian process guide for signal regression in magnetic fusion

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2024

Year of publication
Publication date: 2024-01-04

Full publication date if available
Authors: Craig Michoski, Todd Oliver, D. R. Hatch, A. Diallo, Mike Kotschenreuther, D. Eldon, Matthew M. Waller, R. J. Groebner, A. Nelson

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5/pdf

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: diamond

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5/pdf

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Ground-penetrating radar, Kriging, Tokamak, Fusion, Process (computing), Computer science, Sensor fusion, Gaussian, Gaussian process, Regression, Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, Ranging, Data mining, Pattern recognition (psychology), Plasma, Physics, Mathematics, Statistics, Radar, Nuclear physics, Philosophy, Quantum mechanics, Linguistics, Operating system, Telecommunications

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 6

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2025: 2, 2024: 4

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
References (count): 60

Number of works referenced by this work
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4390574425
doi	https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4390574425
fwci	3.72684085
type	article
title	A Gaussian process guide for signal regression in magnetic fusion
awards[0].id	https://openalex.org/G2424732065
awards[0].funder_id	https://openalex.org/F4320332276
awards[0].display_name
awards[0].funder_award_id	DE-AR0001265
awards[0].funder_display_name	Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy
awards[1].id	https://openalex.org/G3597134926
awards[1].funder_id	https://openalex.org/F4320337510
awards[1].display_name
awards[1].funder_award_id	DE-FC02-04ER54698
awards[1].funder_display_name	Fusion Energy Sciences
biblio.issue	3
biblio.volume	64
biblio.last_page	035001
biblio.first_page	035001
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T10346
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/31
topics[0].field.display_name	Physics and Astronomy
topics[0].score	0.9919999837875366
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[0].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3106
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Nuclear and High Energy Physics
topics[0].display_name	Magnetic confinement fusion research
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T10711
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[1].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[1].score	0.9713000059127808
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[1].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1702
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Artificial Intelligence
topics[1].display_name	Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T12205
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[2].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[2].score	0.9567999839782715
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[2].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1711
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Signal Processing
topics[2].display_name	Time Series Analysis and Forecasting
funders[0].id	https://openalex.org/F4320332276
funders[0].ror	https://ror.org/03q1rgc19
funders[0].display_name	Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy
funders[1].id	https://openalex.org/F4320337510
funders[1].ror	https://ror.org/02n3j8t12
funders[1].display_name	Fusion Energy Sciences
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C71813955
concepts[0].level	3
concepts[0].score	0.9137550592422485
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560
concepts[0].display_name	Ground-penetrating radar
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C81692654
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.7445411682128906
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926
concepts[1].display_name	Kriging
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C116515362
concepts[2].level	3
concepts[2].score	0.7131636142730713
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188589
concepts[2].display_name	Tokamak
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C158525013
concepts[3].level	2
concepts[3].score	0.6670701503753662
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739
concepts[3].display_name	Fusion
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C98045186
concepts[4].level	2
concepts[4].score	0.6634677648544312
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663
concepts[4].display_name	Process (computing)
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C41008148
concepts[5].level	0
concepts[5].score	0.5797401666641235
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198
concepts[5].display_name	Computer science
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C33954974
concepts[6].level	2
concepts[6].score	0.5675078630447388
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494
concepts[6].display_name	Sensor fusion
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C163716315
concepts[7].level	2
concepts[7].score	0.5113213062286377
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177
concepts[7].display_name	Gaussian
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C61326573
concepts[8].level	3
concepts[8].score	0.5064998865127563
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376
concepts[8].display_name	Gaussian process
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C83546350
concepts[9].level	2
concepts[9].score	0.4750663936138153
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051
concepts[9].display_name	Regression
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C154945302
concepts[10].level	1
concepts[10].score	0.47393661737442017
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660
concepts[10].display_name	Artificial intelligence
concepts[11].id	https://openalex.org/C119857082
concepts[11].level	1
concepts[11].score	0.46466103196144104
concepts[11].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539
concepts[11].display_name	Machine learning
concepts[12].id	https://openalex.org/C162307627
concepts[12].level	2
concepts[12].score	0.45146867632865906
concepts[12].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833
concepts[12].display_name	Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
concepts[13].id	https://openalex.org/C115051666
concepts[13].level	2
concepts[13].score	0.43223094940185547
concepts[13].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493
concepts[13].display_name	Ranging
concepts[14].id	https://openalex.org/C124101348
concepts[14].level	1
concepts[14].score	0.4162617325782776
concepts[14].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491
concepts[14].display_name	Data mining
concepts[15].id	https://openalex.org/C153180895
concepts[15].level	2
concepts[15].score	0.3551253080368042
concepts[15].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389
concepts[15].display_name	Pattern recognition (psychology)
concepts[16].id	https://openalex.org/C82706917
concepts[16].level	2
concepts[16].score	0.21942654252052307
concepts[16].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251
concepts[16].display_name	Plasma
concepts[17].id	https://openalex.org/C121332964
concepts[17].level	0
concepts[17].score	0.21401095390319824
concepts[17].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413
concepts[17].display_name	Physics
concepts[18].id	https://openalex.org/C33923547
concepts[18].level	0
concepts[18].score	0.17763751745224
concepts[18].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395
concepts[18].display_name	Mathematics
concepts[19].id	https://openalex.org/C105795698
concepts[19].level	1
concepts[19].score	0.16495159268379211
concepts[19].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483
concepts[19].display_name	Statistics
concepts[20].id	https://openalex.org/C554190296
concepts[20].level	2
concepts[20].score	0.1483381688594818
concepts[20].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528
concepts[20].display_name	Radar
concepts[21].id	https://openalex.org/C185544564
concepts[21].level	1
concepts[21].score	0.06907808780670166
concepts[21].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197
concepts[21].display_name	Nuclear physics
concepts[22].id	https://openalex.org/C138885662
concepts[22].level	0
concepts[22].score	0.0
concepts[22].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891
concepts[22].display_name	Philosophy
concepts[23].id	https://openalex.org/C62520636
concepts[23].level	1
concepts[23].score	0.0
concepts[23].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944
concepts[23].display_name	Quantum mechanics
concepts[24].id	https://openalex.org/C41895202
concepts[24].level	1
concepts[24].score	0.0
concepts[24].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162
concepts[24].display_name	Linguistics
concepts[25].id	https://openalex.org/C111919701
concepts[25].level	1
concepts[25].score	0.0
concepts[25].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135
concepts[25].display_name	Operating system
concepts[26].id	https://openalex.org/C76155785
concepts[26].level	1
concepts[26].score	0.0
concepts[26].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418
concepts[26].display_name	Telecommunications
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar
keywords[0].score	0.9137550592422485
keywords[0].display_name	Ground-penetrating radar
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging
keywords[1].score	0.7445411682128906
keywords[1].display_name	Kriging
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/tokamak
keywords[2].score	0.7131636142730713
keywords[2].display_name	Tokamak
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion
keywords[3].score	0.6670701503753662
keywords[3].display_name	Fusion
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/process
keywords[4].score	0.6634677648544312
keywords[4].display_name	Process (computing)
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science
keywords[5].score	0.5797401666641235
keywords[5].display_name	Computer science
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion
keywords[6].score	0.5675078630447388
keywords[6].display_name	Sensor fusion
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian
keywords[7].score	0.5113213062286377
keywords[7].display_name	Gaussian
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process
keywords[8].score	0.5064998865127563
keywords[8].display_name	Gaussian process
keywords[9].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/regression
keywords[9].score	0.4750663936138153
keywords[9].display_name	Regression
keywords[10].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence
keywords[10].score	0.47393661737442017
keywords[10].display_name	Artificial intelligence
keywords[11].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning
keywords[11].score	0.46466103196144104
keywords[11].display_name	Machine learning
keywords[12].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution
keywords[12].score	0.45146867632865906
keywords[12].display_name	Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
keywords[13].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging
keywords[13].score	0.43223094940185547
keywords[13].display_name	Ranging
keywords[14].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining
keywords[14].score	0.4162617325782776
keywords[14].display_name	Data mining
keywords[15].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition
keywords[15].score	0.3551253080368042
keywords[15].display_name	Pattern recognition (psychology)
keywords[16].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma
keywords[16].score	0.21942654252052307
keywords[16].display_name	Plasma
keywords[17].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/physics
keywords[17].score	0.21401095390319824
keywords[17].display_name	Physics
keywords[18].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics
keywords[18].score	0.17763751745224
keywords[18].display_name	Mathematics
keywords[19].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics
keywords[19].score	0.16495159268379211
keywords[19].display_name	Statistics
keywords[20].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/radar
keywords[20].score	0.1483381688594818
keywords[20].display_name	Radar
keywords[21].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-physics
keywords[21].score	0.06907808780670166
keywords[21].display_name	Nuclear physics
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S133992056
locations[0].source.issn	0029-5515, 1741-4326
locations[0].source.type	journal
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l	0029-5515
locations[0].source.is_core	True
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	True
locations[0].source.display_name	Nuclear Fusion
locations[0].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310320083
locations[0].source.host_organization_name	IOP Publishing
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310320083, https://openalex.org/P4310311669
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names	IOP Publishing, Institute of Physics
locations[0].license	cc-by
locations[0].pdf_url	https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5/pdf
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	journal-article
locations[0].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name	Nuclear Fusion
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5
locations[1].id	pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9eea7ee5bb7f464dac4078ffd735d269
locations[1].is_oa	False
locations[1].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306401280
locations[1].source.issn
locations[1].source.type	repository
locations[1].source.is_oa	False
locations[1].source.issn_l
locations[1].source.is_core	False
locations[1].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[1].source.display_name	DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
locations[1].source.host_organization
locations[1].source.host_organization_name
locations[1].license
locations[1].pdf_url
locations[1].version	submittedVersion
locations[1].raw_type	article
locations[1].license_id
locations[1].is_accepted	False
locations[1].is_published	False
locations[1].raw_source_name	Nuclear Fusion, Vol 64, Iss 3, p 035001 (2024)
locations[1].landing_page_url	https://doaj.org/article/9eea7ee5bb7f464dac4078ffd735d269
locations[2].id	pmh:oai:osti.gov:2278860
locations[2].is_oa	True
locations[2].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306402487
locations[2].source.issn
locations[2].source.type	repository
locations[2].source.is_oa	False
locations[2].source.issn_l
locations[2].source.is_core	False
locations[2].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[2].source.display_name	OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)
locations[2].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I139351228
locations[2].source.host_organization_name	Office of Scientific and Technical Information
locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I139351228
locations[2].license
locations[2].pdf_url
locations[2].version	submittedVersion
locations[2].raw_type
locations[2].license_id
locations[2].is_accepted	False
locations[2].is_published	False
locations[2].raw_source_name
locations[2].landing_page_url	https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2278860
locations[3].id	pmh:oai:osti.gov:2294124
locations[3].is_oa	True
locations[3].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306402487
locations[3].source.issn
locations[3].source.type	repository
locations[3].source.is_oa	False
locations[3].source.issn_l
locations[3].source.is_core	False
locations[3].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[3].source.display_name	OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)
locations[3].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I139351228
locations[3].source.host_organization_name	Office of Scientific and Technical Information
locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I139351228
locations[3].license
locations[3].pdf_url
locations[3].version	submittedVersion
locations[3].raw_type
locations[3].license_id
locations[3].is_accepted	False
locations[3].is_published	False
locations[3].raw_source_name
locations[3].landing_page_url	https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2294124
locations[4].id	pmh:oai:osti.gov:2326055
locations[4].is_oa	True
locations[4].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306402487
locations[4].source.issn
locations[4].source.type	repository
locations[4].source.is_oa	False
locations[4].source.issn_l
locations[4].source.is_core	False
locations[4].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[4].source.display_name	OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)
locations[4].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I139351228
locations[4].source.host_organization_name	Office of Scientific and Technical Information
locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I139351228
locations[4].license
locations[4].pdf_url
locations[4].version	submittedVersion
locations[4].raw_type
locations[4].license_id
locations[4].is_accepted	False
locations[4].is_published	False
locations[4].raw_source_name
locations[4].landing_page_url	https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2326055
indexed_in	crossref, doaj
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5090989317
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-233X
authorships[0].author.display_name	Craig Michoski
authorships[0].countries	US
authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I86519309
authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Oden Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, UNITED STATES
authorships[0].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I86519309
authorships[0].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/00hj54h04
authorships[0].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I86519309
authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name	The University of Texas at Austin
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Craig Michoski
authorships[0].is_corresponding	True
authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings	Oden Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, UNITED STATES
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5032088529
authorships[1].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9415-0429
authorships[1].author.display_name	Todd Oliver
authorships[1].countries	US
authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I86519309
authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Oden Institute of Computational Engineering and Science, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E 24th St., Austin, Texas, 78712-1139, UNITED STATES
authorships[1].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I86519309
authorships[1].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/00hj54h04
authorships[1].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I86519309
authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name	The University of Texas at Austin
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Todd A. Oliver
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings	Oden Institute of Computational Engineering and Science, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E 24th St., Austin, Texas, 78712-1139, UNITED STATES
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5082461363
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1625-4385
authorships[2].author.display_name	D. R. Hatch
authorships[2].countries	US
authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210125919, https://openalex.org/I4210149442
authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, UNITED STATES
authorships[2].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210125919
authorships[2].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/02vtgg877
authorships[2].institutions[0].type	company
authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I4210125919
authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name	Fusion (United States)
authorships[2].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I4210149442
authorships[2].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/05rwjyj14
authorships[2].institutions[1].type	education
authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I4210149442
authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code	US
authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name	Fusion Academy
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	David R. Hatch
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings	Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, UNITED STATES
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5027387723
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-060X
authorships[3].author.display_name	A. Diallo
authorships[3].countries	US
authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I20089843, https://openalex.org/I2799567181
authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543-0451, UNITED STATES
authorships[3].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I2799567181
authorships[3].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03vn1ts68
authorships[3].institutions[0].type	facility
authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I20089843, https://openalex.org/I2799567181, https://openalex.org/I39565521
authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name	Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
authorships[3].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I20089843
authorships[3].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/00hx57361
authorships[3].institutions[1].type	education
authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I20089843
authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code	US
authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name	Princeton University
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Ahmed Diallo
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings	Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543-0451, UNITED STATES
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5105309009
authorships[4].author.orcid
authorships[4].author.display_name	Mike Kotschenreuther
authorships[4].countries	US
authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210125919, https://openalex.org/I86519309
authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1068, USA, Austin, Texas, 78712, UNITED STATES
authorships[4].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210125919
authorships[4].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/02vtgg877
authorships[4].institutions[0].type	company
authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I4210125919
authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name	Fusion (United States)
authorships[4].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I86519309
authorships[4].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/00hj54h04
authorships[4].institutions[1].type	education
authorships[4].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I86519309
authorships[4].institutions[1].country_code	US
authorships[4].institutions[1].display_name	The University of Texas at Austin
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Mike Kotschenreuther
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings	Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1068, USA, Austin, Texas, 78712, UNITED STATES
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5014879316
authorships[5].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1895-0648
authorships[5].author.display_name	D. Eldon
authorships[5].countries	US
authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I63533367
authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, General Atomics, c/o General Atomics, MS 13-401, 3483 Dunhill Street, San Diego, California, 92121-1122, UNITED STATES
authorships[5].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I63533367
authorships[5].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03ngjpk76
authorships[5].institutions[0].type	company
authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I63533367
authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name	General Atomics (United States)
authorships[5].author_position	middle
authorships[5].raw_author_name	David Eldon
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings	Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, General Atomics, c/o General Atomics, MS 13-401, 3483 Dunhill Street, San Diego, California, 92121-1122, UNITED STATES
authorships[6].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5030565195
authorships[6].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7839-0892
authorships[6].author.display_name	Matthew M. Waller
authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Sapientai LLC, Austin, Texas, UNITED STATES
authorships[6].author_position	middle
authorships[6].raw_author_name	Matthew Waller
authorships[6].is_corresponding	False
authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings	Sapientai LLC, Austin, Texas, UNITED STATES
authorships[7].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5083103072
authorships[7].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5643-564X
authorships[7].author.display_name	R. J. Groebner
authorships[7].countries	US
authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I63533367
authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	DIII-D Experimental Science, General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA, San Diego, California, 92121-1122, UNITED STATES
authorships[7].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I63533367
authorships[7].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03ngjpk76
authorships[7].institutions[0].type	company
authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I63533367
authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name	General Atomics (United States)
authorships[7].author_position	middle
authorships[7].raw_author_name	Richard Groebner
authorships[7].is_corresponding	False
authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings	DIII-D Experimental Science, General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA, San Diego, California, 92121-1122, UNITED STATES
authorships[8].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5031014040
authorships[8].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9612-1936
authorships[8].author.display_name	A. Nelson
authorships[8].countries	US
authorships[8].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I78577930
authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Columbia University, New York, New York, UNITED STATES
authorships[8].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I78577930
authorships[8].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/00hj8s172
authorships[8].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I78577930
authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name	Columbia University
authorships[8].author_position	last
authorships[8].raw_author_name	Andrew Oakleigh Nelson
authorships[8].is_corresponding	False
authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings	Columbia University, New York, New York, UNITED STATES
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5/pdf
open_access.oa_status	diamond
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	A Gaussian process guide for signal regression in magnetic fusion
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T10346
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/31
primary_topic.field.display_name	Physics and Astronomy
primary_topic.score	0.9919999837875366
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3106
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Nuclear and High Energy Physics
primary_topic.display_name	Magnetic confinement fusion research
related_works	https://openalex.org/W2783354812, https://openalex.org/W566010457, https://openalex.org/W2600092203, https://openalex.org/W4293503520, https://openalex.org/W4300066510, https://openalex.org/W2056958800, https://openalex.org/W2803685231, https://openalex.org/W3134152097, https://openalex.org/W4311388919, https://openalex.org/W2966696655
cited_by_count	6
counts_by_year[0].year	2025
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	2
counts_by_year[1].year	2024
counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count	4
locations_count	5
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S133992056
best_oa_location.source.issn	0029-5515, 1741-4326
best_oa_location.source.type	journal
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l	0029-5515
best_oa_location.source.is_core	True
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	True
best_oa_location.source.display_name	Nuclear Fusion
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310320083
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	IOP Publishing
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310320083, https://openalex.org/P4310311669
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names	IOP Publishing, Institute of Physics
best_oa_location.license	cc-by
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5/pdf
best_oa_location.version	publishedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	journal-article
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	True
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	Nuclear Fusion
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5
primary_location.id	doi:10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S133992056
primary_location.source.issn	0029-5515, 1741-4326
primary_location.source.type	journal
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l	0029-5515
primary_location.source.is_core	True
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	True
primary_location.source.display_name	Nuclear Fusion
primary_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310320083
primary_location.source.host_organization_name	IOP Publishing
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310320083, https://openalex.org/P4310311669
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names	IOP Publishing, Institute of Physics
primary_location.license	cc-by
primary_location.pdf_url	https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5/pdf
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	journal-article
primary_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name	Nuclear Fusion
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad1af5
publication_date	2024-01-04
publication_year	2024
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W2027663903, https://openalex.org/W2103588773, https://openalex.org/W3095194552, https://openalex.org/W2926680341, https://openalex.org/W2904816695, https://openalex.org/W4226255292, https://openalex.org/W4328050815, https://openalex.org/W2026730891, https://openalex.org/W2901270394, https://openalex.org/W3039580962, https://openalex.org/W3017072585, https://openalex.org/W2276728787, https://openalex.org/W2327325487, https://openalex.org/W1985064364, https://openalex.org/W3138036315, https://openalex.org/W2999533062, https://openalex.org/W6856781577, https://openalex.org/W4306950205, https://openalex.org/W3149355127, https://openalex.org/W1984970126, https://openalex.org/W2740231953, https://openalex.org/W4291914992, https://openalex.org/W4385970673, https://openalex.org/W3010282662, https://openalex.org/W3000588634, https://openalex.org/W3212654394, https://openalex.org/W3043397679, https://openalex.org/W6996556431, https://openalex.org/W2123713131, https://openalex.org/W2944958851, https://openalex.org/W3027190406, https://openalex.org/W2743404781, https://openalex.org/W2050297026, https://openalex.org/W6704445565, https://openalex.org/W2039928824, https://openalex.org/W6727372060, https://openalex.org/W1500150853, https://openalex.org/W2104699418, https://openalex.org/W2241427245, https://openalex.org/W1765288879, https://openalex.org/W1999029467, https://openalex.org/W2001742324, https://openalex.org/W2507214238, https://openalex.org/W2951760073, https://openalex.org/W2953040546, https://openalex.org/W3201295906, https://openalex.org/W2939147240, https://openalex.org/W2016861081, https://openalex.org/W6637082941, https://openalex.org/W2063397409, https://openalex.org/W2951147613, https://openalex.org/W2342442580, https://openalex.org/W3113058223, https://openalex.org/W3102014803, https://openalex.org/W3100685324, https://openalex.org/W2523810843, https://openalex.org/W3122478777, https://openalex.org/W4386876081, https://openalex.org/W1663779424, https://openalex.org/W4246047775
referenced_works_count	60
abstract_inverted_index.a	106
abstract_inverted_index.We	118, 130
abstract_inverted_index.an	71
abstract_inverted_index.as	43
abstract_inverted_index.be	110
abstract_inverted_index.by	94
abstract_inverted_index.in	7, 65, 105, 115, 128, 141
abstract_inverted_index.is	9, 70, 76, 123
abstract_inverted_index.of	18, 38, 80, 144
abstract_inverted_index.on	35
abstract_inverted_index.or	83
abstract_inverted_index.to	48, 50, 138, 156
abstract_inverted_index.we	98, 149
abstract_inverted_index.GPR	69, 88, 104, 122, 155
abstract_inverted_index.and	14, 21, 55, 134
abstract_inverted_index.are	91
abstract_inverted_index.for	11, 59, 112, 125, 153
abstract_inverted_index.has	33
abstract_inverted_index.how	121
abstract_inverted_index.may	109
abstract_inverted_index.not	92
abstract_inverted_index.the	16, 30, 36, 61, 78, 100, 142, 145
abstract_inverted_index.use	37
abstract_inverted_index.way	107
abstract_inverted_index.Here	97
abstract_inverted_index.also	77, 119
abstract_inverted_index.best	151
abstract_inverted_index.data	6
abstract_inverted_index.edge	143
abstract_inverted_index.fits	89
abstract_inverted_index.from	4, 86
abstract_inverted_index.more	53, 56
abstract_inverted_index.such	42
abstract_inverted_index.that	25, 90, 108
abstract_inverted_index.While	68
abstract_inverted_index.data.	158
abstract_inverted_index.naive	87
abstract_inverted_index.there	75
abstract_inverted_index.these	66
abstract_inverted_index.tool,	74
abstract_inverted_index.tools	58
abstract_inverted_index.(GPR),	47
abstract_inverted_index.DIII-D	146
abstract_inverted_index.Recent	27
abstract_inverted_index.danger	79
abstract_inverted_index.driven	93
abstract_inverted_index.fusion	19, 31, 116, 157
abstract_inverted_index.models	23
abstract_inverted_index.review	99
abstract_inverted_index.useful	111
abstract_inverted_index.within	29
abstract_inverted_index.attempt	49
abstract_inverted_index.complex	62
abstract_inverted_index.develop	51
abstract_inverted_index.discuss	150
abstract_inverted_index.drawing	81
abstract_inverted_index.examine	131
abstract_inverted_index.fitting	127
abstract_inverted_index.focused	34
abstract_inverted_index.plasmas	20
abstract_inverted_index.process	45
abstract_inverted_index.profile	126
abstract_inverted_index.revisit	120
abstract_inverted_index.various	132
abstract_inverted_index.Abstract	0
abstract_inverted_index.Finally,	148
abstract_inverted_index.Gaussian	44
abstract_inverted_index.applying	154
abstract_inverted_index.behavior	17, 64
abstract_inverted_index.concepts	102
abstract_inverted_index.critical	10
abstract_inverted_index.fragile,	82
abstract_inverted_index.interest	28
abstract_inverted_index.methods,	41
abstract_inverted_index.observed	63
abstract_inverted_index.powerful	73
abstract_inverted_index.reliable	2
abstract_inverted_index.rigorous	57
abstract_inverted_index.science.	117
abstract_inverted_index.sharper,	52
abstract_inverted_index.systems.	67
abstract_inverted_index.targeted	135
abstract_inverted_index.tokamak.	147
abstract_inverted_index.tokamaks	8
abstract_inverted_index.behavior.	26
abstract_inverted_index.community	32
abstract_inverted_index.developed	124
abstract_inverted_index.examining	60
abstract_inverted_index.practices	152
abstract_inverted_index.reliable,	54
abstract_inverted_index.tokamaks.	129
abstract_inverted_index.Extracting	1
abstract_inverted_index.analyzing,	13
abstract_inverted_index.applicable	137
abstract_inverted_index.describing	24
abstract_inverted_index.diagnostic	5
abstract_inverted_index.enormously	72
abstract_inverted_index.extensions	133
abstract_inverted_index.principled	39, 95
abstract_inverted_index.regression	46
abstract_inverted_index.underlying	103
abstract_inverted_index.validating	22
abstract_inverted_index.conclusions	85
abstract_inverted_index.controlling	15
abstract_inverted_index.fundamental	101
abstract_inverted_index.information	3
abstract_inverted_index.statistical	40
abstract_inverted_index.treatments.	96
abstract_inverted_index.applications	114
abstract_inverted_index.experimental	139
abstract_inverted_index.inconsistent	84
abstract_inverted_index.observations	140
abstract_inverted_index.broad-ranging	113
abstract_inverted_index.modifications	136
abstract_inverted_index.understanding,	12
cited_by_percentile_year.max	98
cited_by_percentile_year.min	95
corresponding_author_ids	https://openalex.org/A5090989317
countries_distinct_count	1
institutions_distinct_count	9
corresponding_institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I86519309
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.9584235
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	True