A novel deep learning technique to detect electricity theft in smart grids using AlexNet Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12846
Electricity theft (ET), which endangers public safety, interferes with the regular operation of grid infrastructure, and increases revenue losses, is a significant issue for power companies. To find ET, numerous machine learning, deep learning, and mathematically based algorithms have been published in the literature. However, these models do not yield the greatest results due to issues like the dimensionality curse, class imbalance, inappropriate hyper‐parameter tuning of machine learning, deep learning models etc. A hybrid DL model is presented for effectively detecting electricity thieves in smart grids while considering the abovementioned concerns. Pre‐processing techniques are first employed to clean up the data from the smart meters, and then the feature extraction technique, AlexNet is used to address the curse of dimensionality. An actual dataset of Chinese smart meters is used in simulations to assess the efficacy of the suggested approach. To conduct a comparative analysis, various benchmark models are implemented as well. This proposed model achieves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1‐score, up to 86%, 89%, 86%, and 84%, respectively.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12846
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/rpg2.12846
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 9
- References
- 49
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4391781022
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4391781022Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12846Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
A novel deep learning technique to detect electricity theft in smart grids using AlexNetWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-02-13Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Nitasha Khan, Zeeshan Shahid, Muhammad Mansoor Alam, Aznida Abu Bakar Sajak, Mobeen Nazar, Mazliham Mohd Su’udList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12846Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/rpg2.12846Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/rpg2.12846Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Computer science, Electricity, Smart grid, Artificial intelligence, Deep learning, Computer security, Engineering, Electrical engineeringTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
9Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 4, 2024: 5Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
49Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4391781022 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4391781022 |
| fwci | 3.32251625 |
| type | article |
| title | A novel deep learning technique to detect electricity theft in smart grids using AlexNet |
| biblio.issue | 6 |
| biblio.volume | 18 |
| biblio.last_page | 958 |
| biblio.first_page | 941 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T13429 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 1.0 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Electricity Theft Detection Techniques |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10917 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9853000044822693 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2207 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Control and Systems Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Smart Grid Security and Resilience |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T13918 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9715999960899353 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Advanced Data and IoT Technologies |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2900 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 3200 |
| apc_paid.value | 2900 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 3200 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[0].level | 0 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6747072339057922 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C206658404 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5646243691444397 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Electricity |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C10558101 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5255117416381836 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Smart grid |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.4414181113243103 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C108583219 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.43676233291625977 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Deep learning |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C38652104 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.391642689704895 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Computer security |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.13957929611206055 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C119599485 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.13777685165405273 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6747072339057922 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5646243691444397 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Electricity |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5255117416381836 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Smart grid |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[3].score | 0.4414181113243103 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning |
| keywords[4].score | 0.43676233291625977 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Deep learning |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security |
| keywords[5].score | 0.391642689704895 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Computer security |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[6].score | 0.13957929611206055 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering |
| keywords[7].score | 0.13777685165405273 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S42668443 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1752-1416, 1752-1424 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1752-1416 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IET Renewable Power Generation |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311714 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Institution of Engineering and Technology |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311714 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institution of Engineering and Technology |
| locations[0].license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IET Renewable Power Generation |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:12155 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4377196753 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I173029219 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Multimedia University |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I173029219 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | acceptedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | NonPeerReviewed |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ac8be067eff1475f8dd04fea4ed77c3f |
| locations[2].is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | IET Renewable Power Generation, Vol 18, Iss 6, Pp 941-958 (2024) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/ac8be067eff1475f8dd04fea4ed77c3f |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5012390633 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1291-7452 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Nitasha Khan |
| authorships[0].countries | MY |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4528857 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | British Malaysian Institute, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Sungai Pusu, Malaysia |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Electrical Engineering department, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4528857 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/026wwrx19 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4528857 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University of Kuala Lumpur |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Nitasha Khan |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | British Malaysian Institute, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Sungai Pusu, Malaysia, Electrical Engineering department, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5079375091 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8879-3719 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Zeeshan Shahid |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Electrical Engineering department, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Zeeshan Shahid |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Electrical Engineering department, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5080030634 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-7140 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Muhammad Mansoor Alam |
| authorships[2].countries | AU, MY, PK |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I195024194 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | USA Faculty of Computing, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I173029219 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Persiaran Multimedia, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia |
| authorships[2].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I114017466 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I114017466 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03f0f6041 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I114017466 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | AU |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of Technology Sydney |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I173029219 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04zrbnc33 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I173029219 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | MY |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | Multimedia University |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I195024194 |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/02kdm5630 |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I195024194 |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].country_code | PK |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].display_name | Riphah International University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Muhammad Mansoor Alam |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Persiaran Multimedia, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia, School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia, USA Faculty of Computing, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5072457744 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-1047 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Aznida Abu Bakar Sajak |
| authorships[3].countries | MY |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4528857 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | MIIT, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4528857 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/026wwrx19 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4528857 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | University of Kuala Lumpur |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Aznida Abu Bakar Sajak |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | MIIT, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5061550907 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-8005 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Mobeen Nazar |
| authorships[4].countries | PK |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I59225215 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Software Engineering, Bahria University Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I59225215 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02v8d7770 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I59225215 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Bahria University |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Mobeen Nazar |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Software Engineering, Bahria University Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5078925693 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9975-4483 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Mazliham Mohd Su’ud |
| authorships[5].countries | MY |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I173029219 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Persiaran Multimedia, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I173029219 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04zrbnc33 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I173029219 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Multimedia University |
| authorships[5].author_position | last |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Mohd Suud Mazliham |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Persiaran Multimedia, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | A novel deep learning technique to detect electricity theft in smart grids using AlexNet |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T13429 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 1.0 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Electricity Theft Detection Techniques |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2731899572, https://openalex.org/W3215138031, https://openalex.org/W3009238340, https://openalex.org/W2939353110, https://openalex.org/W4321369474, https://openalex.org/W4360585206, https://openalex.org/W4285208911, https://openalex.org/W3082895349, https://openalex.org/W4213079790, https://openalex.org/W4280617453 |
| cited_by_count | 9 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 5 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S42668443 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1752-1416, 1752-1424 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1752-1416 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IET Renewable Power Generation |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311714 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Institution of Engineering and Technology |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311714 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institution of Engineering and Technology |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IET Renewable Power Generation |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S42668443 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1752-1416, 1752-1424 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1752-1416 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IET Renewable Power Generation |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311714 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Institution of Engineering and Technology |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311714 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institution of Engineering and Technology |
| primary_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IET Renewable Power Generation |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12846 |
| publication_date | 2024-02-13 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2789012589, https://openalex.org/W1523341807, https://openalex.org/W1984419556, https://openalex.org/W3037931488, https://openalex.org/W2910992412, https://openalex.org/W3160464491, https://openalex.org/W4205505880, https://openalex.org/W2970705010, https://openalex.org/W3184032996, https://openalex.org/W2914780389, https://openalex.org/W3194280320, https://openalex.org/W2953404784, https://openalex.org/W3097369108, https://openalex.org/W3195959106, https://openalex.org/W4205784232, https://openalex.org/W3173651219, https://openalex.org/W3176484245, https://openalex.org/W3167422838, https://openalex.org/W2701059868, https://openalex.org/W2343530358, https://openalex.org/W3185631424, https://openalex.org/W2978986055, https://openalex.org/W2922515190, https://openalex.org/W2788544268, https://openalex.org/W2944749462, https://openalex.org/W2018673918, https://openalex.org/W2893939336, https://openalex.org/W2320464932, https://openalex.org/W2212529815, https://openalex.org/W2121352581, https://openalex.org/W2973055534, https://openalex.org/W3091950574, https://openalex.org/W2786209303, https://openalex.org/W2831439818, https://openalex.org/W2915658581, https://openalex.org/W4280619761, https://openalex.org/W3187717620, https://openalex.org/W4214901712, https://openalex.org/W4280541248, https://openalex.org/W2776990447, https://openalex.org/W6737658843, https://openalex.org/W2604738573, https://openalex.org/W2139427956, https://openalex.org/W2606460416, https://openalex.org/W2963982535, https://openalex.org/W2994992990, https://openalex.org/W1689711448, https://openalex.org/W3176279528, https://openalex.org/W2613634265 |
| referenced_works_count | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 21, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.An | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DL | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.To | 27, 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.do | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 42, 84, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 20, 77, 113, 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 13, 66, 119, 124, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 55, 97, 115, 132, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.up | 99, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ET, | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 16, 35, 106, 159, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 94, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 24, 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 10, 43, 51, 58, 89, 100, 103, 108, 117, 134, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.84%, | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.86%, | 163, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.89%, | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deep | 33, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.etc. | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.find | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grid | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.like | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.then | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 114, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ET), | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clean | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.curse | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grids | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issue | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 76, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.smart | 85, 104, 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.theft | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well. | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yield | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actual | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.curse, | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hybrid | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issues | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meters | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 47, 71, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.public | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tuning | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AlexNet | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Chinese | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.address | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conduct | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dataset | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feature | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.losses, | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.machine | 31, 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meters, | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recall, | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regular | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.revenue | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.safety, | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thieves | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieves | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficacy | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employed | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.greatest | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.numerous | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy, | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis, | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach. | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benchmark | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concerns. | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detecting | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.endangers | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increases | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning, | 32, 34, 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operation | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.published | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggested | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithms | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.companies. | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extraction | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imbalance, | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interferes | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precision, | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technique, | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.techniques | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Electricity | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.F1‐score, | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparative | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considering | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectively | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electricity | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implemented | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.literature. | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inappropriate | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively. | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.abovementioned | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dimensionality | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mathematically | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dimensionality. | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infrastructure, | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pre‐processing | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hyper‐parameter | 64 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 97 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5012390633, https://openalex.org/A5078925693 |
| countries_distinct_count | 3 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I173029219, https://openalex.org/I4528857 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.6600000262260437 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Industry, innovation and infrastructure |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.8939579 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |