A practical guide to the updated seizure classification 2025 Article Swipe
Sándor Beniczky
,
Eugen Trinka
,
Elaine Wirrell
,
Mamta Bhushan Singh
,
Hal Blumenfeld
,
Alicia Bogacz Fressola
,
Fernando Cendes
,
Dana Craiu
,
Birgit Frauscher
,
Floor E. Jansen
,
Philippe Kahane
,
Veena Kander
,
Nirmeen A. Kishk
,
Ching Soong Khoo
,
Angélica Lizcano
,
Luca De Palma
,
Philippe Ryvlin
,
Nicola Specchio
,
Michael R. Sperling
,
William O. Tatum
,
Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian
,
Jo M. Wilmshurst
,
J. Helen Cross
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.70110
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.70110
This paper provides a practical guide to applying the updated seizure classification in clinical settings. The updated classification, published by the International League Against Epilepsy in 2025, builds on the operational classification introduced in 2017. It aims to enhance clarity, clinical relevance, and consistency in seizure terminology across various healthcare settings. The classification system distinguishes between four main seizure classes: focal, generalized, unknown whether focal or generalized, and unclassified. The basic version allows for application even in resource‐limited or primary care environments, while the expanded version offers detailed semiological descriptors and supports advanced diagnostic and surgical decision‐making. Consciousness, defined through awareness (recall) and responsiveness, is now considered a classifier. The paper also highlights the importance of distinguishing observable from non‐observable features and integrates semiology into the expanded classification with attention to temporal sequence and somatotopic detail. Generalized seizures are categorized into seizure types having a direct impact on syndrome diagnosis and treatment decisions. Epileptic spasms are given special attention because of their unique presentation and the urgency of early intervention, particularly in infants. To support clinical implementation, this paper includes a comprehensive table of semiological descriptors, definitions of generalized seizure types, and a series of real‐world case vignettes illustrating the application of the updated seizure classification. Supplementary figures and videos further support the educational aims of the paper. This practical guide is intended for healthcare professionals managing patients with epilepsy, providing a clear, structured approach to seizure classification that is adaptable to varying levels of clinical expertise and diagnostic resources.
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- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.70110
- OA Status
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https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.70110Digital Object Identifier
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A practical guide to the updated seizure classification 2025Work title
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articleOpenAlex work type
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enPrimary language
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2025-10-13Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Sándor Beniczky, Eugen Trinka, Elaine Wirrell, Mamta Bhushan Singh, Hal Blumenfeld, Alicia Bogacz Fressola, Fernando Cendes, Dana Craiu, Birgit Frauscher, Floor E. Jansen, Philippe Kahane, Veena Kander, Nirmeen A. Kishk, Ching Soong Khoo, Angélica Lizcano, Luca De Palma, Philippe Ryvlin, Nicola Specchio, Michael R. Sperling, William O. Tatum, Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian, Jo M. Wilmshurst, J. Helen CrossList of authors in order
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hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
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| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2594644573, https://openalex.org/W2593873339, https://openalex.org/W4409708349, https://openalex.org/W4409708481, https://openalex.org/W1856414226, https://openalex.org/W3129128079, https://openalex.org/W2767174499, https://openalex.org/W2916223060, https://openalex.org/W3044838059, https://openalex.org/W2806940777, https://openalex.org/W1984670103, https://openalex.org/W4391277528, https://openalex.org/W4283754108, https://openalex.org/W2995886081, https://openalex.org/W2646536716, https://openalex.org/W4225143754, https://openalex.org/W2500877032, https://openalex.org/W4288513820, https://openalex.org/W2002486774, https://openalex.org/W2138692451, https://openalex.org/W1979070273, https://openalex.org/W2549946685, https://openalex.org/W2108436607, https://openalex.org/W1583209675, https://openalex.org/W4205163273, https://openalex.org/W2021356296, https://openalex.org/W2932097064, https://openalex.org/W4225383465, https://openalex.org/W4413279791, https://openalex.org/W2056491136, https://openalex.org/W2099478180, https://openalex.org/W3216318522, https://openalex.org/W2043238327, https://openalex.org/W4236676256 |
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