A Practical Introduction to Utilising Uncertainty Information in the Analysis of Essential Climate Variables Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7
An estimate of uncertainty is essential to understanding what information is conveyed by data and how it relates to the wider context of what one intended to measure. It can be difficult to know how to use uncertainty during the analysis of environmental data and the best way to present that information within a dataset. In many common uses, such as calculating statistical significance, it is easy to make mistakes due to incomplete or inappropriate use of the available uncertainty information. Uncertainty is itself uncertain, such that many practical or empirical solutions are available when a comprehensive uncertainty budget is impractical to produce. This manuscript collects actionable guidance on how uncertainty can be used, presented, and calculated when working with essential climate variables (ECVs). This includes qualitative discussions of the utility of uncertainties, explanations of common misconceptions, advice on presentation style, and plain descriptions of the essential equations. Selected worked examples are included on the propagation of uncertainties, particularly for data aggregation and merging. Uncertainty need not be off-putting as even incomplete uncertainty budgets add value to any observation. This paper aims to provide a starting point, or refresher, for researchers in the environmental sciences to make more complete use of uncertainty in their work.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7
- OA Status
- hybrid
- References
- 70
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4414265070
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4414265070Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
A Practical Introduction to Utilising Uncertainty Information in the Analysis of Essential Climate VariablesWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-09-13Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Adam C. Povey, Claire E. Bulgin, Alexander GruberList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7Direct OA link when available
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- References (count)
-
70Number of works referenced by this work
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4414265070 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4414265070 |
| fwci | 0.0 |
| type | article |
| title | A Practical Introduction to Utilising Uncertainty Information in the Analysis of Essential Climate Variables |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10075 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| topics[0].score | 0.9929999709129333 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1902 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Atmospheric Science |
| topics[0].display_name | Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10029 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.992900013923645 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2306 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Global and Planetary Change |
| topics[1].display_name | Climate variability and models |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10466 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| topics[2].score | 0.991100013256073 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1902 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Atmospheric Science |
| topics[2].display_name | Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2990 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 3790 |
| apc_paid.value | 2990 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 3790 |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S194739432 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0169-3298, 1573-0956 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0169-3298 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Surveys in Geophysics |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Springer Science+Business Media |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319900, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Springer Science+Business Media, Springer Nature |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Surveys in Geophysics |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017656982 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4109-9639 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Adam C. Povey |
| authorships[0].countries | GB |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I153648349 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210128104 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester, LE4 5SP, UK |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210128104 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0375jbm11 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I141816643, https://openalex.org/I4210087105, https://openalex.org/I4210128104 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | National Centre for Earth Observation |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I153648349 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04h699437 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153648349 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | University of Leicester |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Adam C. Povey |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester, LE4 5SP, UK, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5027340961 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Claire E. Bulgin |
| authorships[1].countries | GB |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210128104, https://openalex.org/I71052956 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6ET, UK |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210128104 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0375jbm11 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I141816643, https://openalex.org/I4210087105, https://openalex.org/I4210128104 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | National Centre for Earth Observation |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I71052956 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/05v62cm79 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I71052956 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | University of Reading |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Claire E. Bulgin |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6ET, UK |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5088054087 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-7023 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Alexander Gruber |
| authorships[2].countries | AT |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I145847075 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8–10, 1040, Vienna, Austria |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I145847075 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04d836q62 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I145847075 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | AT |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | TU Wien |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Alexander Gruber |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8–10, 1040, Vienna, Austria |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7 |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | A Practical Introduction to Utilising Uncertainty Information in the Analysis of Essential Climate Variables |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10075 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9929999709129333 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1902 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Atmospheric Science |
| primary_topic.display_name | Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 1 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S194739432 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0169-3298, 1573-0956 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0169-3298 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Surveys in Geophysics |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Springer Science+Business Media |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319900, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Springer Science+Business Media, Springer Nature |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Surveys in Geophysics |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S194739432 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0169-3298, 1573-0956 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0169-3298 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Surveys in Geophysics |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Springer Science+Business Media |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319900, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Springer Science+Business Media, Springer Nature |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Surveys in Geophysics |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09906-7 |
| publication_date | 2025-09-13 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2563710438, https://openalex.org/W2022685475, https://openalex.org/W4391197160, https://openalex.org/W2292167702, https://openalex.org/W2292782929, https://openalex.org/W4281401898, https://openalex.org/W2937153686, https://openalex.org/W2998711899, https://openalex.org/W3095402549, https://openalex.org/W1635486869, https://openalex.org/W2131234888, https://openalex.org/W2166317254, https://openalex.org/W4388317959, https://openalex.org/W3134876352, https://openalex.org/W2112688502, https://openalex.org/W4393318516, https://openalex.org/W2086904917, https://openalex.org/W2908860535, https://openalex.org/W2009104157, https://openalex.org/W6910957538, https://openalex.org/W4392753953, https://openalex.org/W2048092465, https://openalex.org/W4382653170, https://openalex.org/W2766784875, https://openalex.org/W2222174432, https://openalex.org/W4408427234, https://openalex.org/W2408017125, https://openalex.org/W1804767547, https://openalex.org/W2759163218, https://openalex.org/W2916889011, https://openalex.org/W3023439803, https://openalex.org/W4411788712, https://openalex.org/W4362553644, https://openalex.org/W2788639395, https://openalex.org/W2089433206, https://openalex.org/W2948968552, https://openalex.org/W4385118605, https://openalex.org/W4302362705, https://openalex.org/W2109890866, https://openalex.org/W4413212433, https://openalex.org/W4234102482, https://openalex.org/W2625129035, https://openalex.org/W1968284139, https://openalex.org/W2610600445, https://openalex.org/W2592829405, https://openalex.org/W2916402402, https://openalex.org/W4230940347, https://openalex.org/W2937259129, https://openalex.org/W4213222747, https://openalex.org/W2891577860, https://openalex.org/W2965417193, https://openalex.org/W2984729070, https://openalex.org/W2602008741, https://openalex.org/W3115592149, https://openalex.org/W2905472553, https://openalex.org/W3081215809, https://openalex.org/W2162924174, https://openalex.org/W2999897716, https://openalex.org/W1969645208, https://openalex.org/W4403042123, https://openalex.org/W3201921549, https://openalex.org/W4382358634, https://openalex.org/W2115278751, https://openalex.org/W3033069661, https://openalex.org/W2769127648, https://openalex.org/W2108673018, https://openalex.org/W2293040502, https://openalex.org/W4403755554, https://openalex.org/W2033263428, https://openalex.org/W304861154 |
| referenced_works_count | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 54, 96, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.An | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.It | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 61, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 31, 113, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 192, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 5, 11, 66, 83, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 17, 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 3, 23, 42, 77, 129, 132, 135, 145, 157, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 109, 139, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 74, 90, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 7, 19, 27, 33, 36, 49, 68, 72, 102, 177, 183, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.add | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 15, 45, 116, 142, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.any | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 93, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 30, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 160, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.how | 16, 35, 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 20, 40, 46, 78, 130, 146, 155, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 37, 76, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.way | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 104, 125, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aims | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.best | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 14, 44, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.easy | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.even | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.know | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.make | 69, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 57, 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.need | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 60, 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 51, 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.what | 9, 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 95, 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plain | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used, | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uses, | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.value | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wider | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work. | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advice | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.budget | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.common | 58, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.during | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.itself | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.point, | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.style, | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.worked | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ECVs). | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.budgets | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.climate | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.context | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relates | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utility | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.working | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Selected | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collects | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complete | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conveyed | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dataset. | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimate | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examples | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guidance | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.included | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.includes | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intended | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measure. | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.merging. | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mistakes | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.produce. | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sciences | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.starting | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.available | 79, 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.difficult | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.empirical | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.essential | 6, 121, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practical | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solutions | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variables | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actionable | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calculated | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.equations. | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.incomplete | 73, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.manuscript | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented, | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.refresher, | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uncertain, | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Uncertainty | 82, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aggregation | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calculating | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discussions | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impractical | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.information | 10, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.off-putting | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propagation | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.qualitative | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.researchers | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.statistical | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uncertainty | 4, 38, 80, 98, 111, 173, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.descriptions | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explanations | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.information. | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observation. | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particularly | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presentation | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehensive | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environmental | 43, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inappropriate | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significance, | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understanding | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uncertainties, | 133, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.misconceptions, | 137 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5017656982 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I153648349, https://openalex.org/I4210128104 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.47242431 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |