A Refactoring Classification Framework for Efficient Software Maintenance Article Swipe
Abdullah Almogahed
,
Hairulnizam Mahdin
,
Mazni Omar
,
Nur Haryani Zakaria
,
Salama A. Mostafa
,
Salman A. AlQahtani
,
Pranavkumar Pathak
,
Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin
,
Rahmat Hidayat
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678
The expenses associated with software maintenance and evolution constitute a significant portion, surpassing more than 80% of the overall costs involved in software development. Refactoring, a widely embraced technique, plays a crucial role in streamlining and minimizing maintenance activities and expenses. However, the effect of refactoring techniques on quality attributes presents inconsistent and conflicting findings, making it challenging for software developers to enhance software quality effectively. Additionally, the absence of a comprehensive framework further complicates the decision-making process for developers when selecting appropriate refactoring techniques aligned with specific design objectives. In light of these considerations, this research aims to introduce a novel framework for classifying refactoring techniques based on their measurable influence on internal quality attributes. Initially, an exploratory study was conducted to identify commonly employed refactoring techniques, followed by an experimental analysis involving five case studies to evaluate the effects of these techniques on internal quality attributes. Subsequently, the framework was constructed based on the outcomes of the exploratory and experimental studies, further reinforced by a multi-case analysis. Comprising three key components, namely the methodology for applying refactoring techniques, the Quality Model for Object-Oriented Design (QMOOD), and the classification scheme for refactoring techniques, this proposed framework serves as a valuable guideline for developers. By comprehending the effect of each refactoring technique on internal quality attributes, developers can make informed decisions and select suitable techniques to enhance specific aspects of their software. Consequently, this framework optimizes developers’ time and effort by minimizing the need to weigh the pros and cons of different refactoring techniques, potentially leading to a reduction in maintenance activities and associated costs.
Related Topics
Concepts
Code refactoring
Computer science
Software maintenance
Software engineering
Software
Software system
Programming language
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10192906.pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 14
- References
- 75
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4385255161
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4385255161Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
A Refactoring Classification Framework for Efficient Software MaintenanceWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Abdullah Almogahed, Hairulnizam Mahdin, Mazni Omar, Nur Haryani Zakaria, Salama A. Mostafa, Salman A. AlQahtani, Pranavkumar Pathak, Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin, Rahmat HidayatList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10192906.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10192906.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Code refactoring, Computer science, Software maintenance, Software engineering, Software, Software system, Programming languageTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
14Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 3, 2024: 7, 2023: 4Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
75Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4385255161 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4385255161 |
| fwci | 8.65882678 |
| type | article |
| title | A Refactoring Classification Framework for Efficient Software Maintenance |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 11 |
| biblio.last_page | 78917 |
| biblio.first_page | 78904 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10260 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[0].score | 1.0 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| topics[0].display_name | Software Engineering Research |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T12423 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.996999979019165 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1712 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Software |
| topics[1].display_name | Software Reliability and Analysis Research |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10430 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9939000010490417 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| topics[2].display_name | Software Engineering Techniques and Practices |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321145 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/02f81g417 |
| funders[0].display_name | King Saud University |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1850 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1850 |
| apc_paid.value | 1850 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1850 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C152752567 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8565904498100281 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Code refactoring |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7395241856575012 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C101317890 |
| concepts[2].level | 4 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.7147551774978638 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940053 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Software maintenance |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C115903868 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.4882207214832306 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Software engineering |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2777904410 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4219781458377838 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Software |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C149091818 |
| concepts[5].level | 3 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.36980611085891724 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Software system |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C199360897 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.31243661046028137 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Programming language |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8565904498100281 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Code refactoring |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7395241856575012 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/software-maintenance |
| keywords[2].score | 0.7147551774978638 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Software maintenance |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering |
| keywords[3].score | 0.4882207214832306 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Software engineering |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/software |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4219781458377838 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Software |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system |
| keywords[5].score | 0.36980611085891724 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Software system |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language |
| keywords[6].score | 0.31243661046028137 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Programming language |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1109/access.2023.3298678 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10192906.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5ba5e791322d4f639b8879369628b6d5 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 78904-78917 (2023) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/5ba5e791322d4f639b8879369628b6d5 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5026035776 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-1529 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Abdullah Almogahed |
| authorships[0].countries | MY |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I930072361 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I930072361 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01c5wha71 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I930072361 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Abdullah Almogahed |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5057640595 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2275-0094 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Hairulnizam Mahdin |
| authorships[1].countries | MY |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I930072361 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I930072361 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01c5wha71 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I930072361 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Hairulnizam Mahdin |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017885665 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1816-2940 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Mazni Omar |
| authorships[2].countries | MY |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I94625822 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Computing, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I94625822 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01ss10648 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I94625822 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Northern University of Malaysia |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Mazni Omar |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Computing, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5070813056 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-1307 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Nur Haryani Zakaria |
| authorships[3].countries | MY |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I94625822 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Computing, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I94625822 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01ss10648 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I94625822 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Northern University of Malaysia |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Nur Haryani Zakaria |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Computing, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5016511172 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-502X |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Salama A. Mostafa |
| authorships[4].countries | MY |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I930072361 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I930072361 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01c5wha71 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I930072361 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Salama A. Mostafa |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5046464125 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-1774 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Salman A. AlQahtani |
| authorships[5].countries | SA |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I28022161 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I28022161 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02f81g417 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I28022161 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | SA |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | King Saud University |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Salman A. AlQahtani |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5062251147 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Pranavkumar Pathak |
| authorships[6].countries | CA |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I5023651 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Continuing Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I5023651 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01pxwe438 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I5023651 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | McGill University |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Pranavkumar Pathak |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Continuing Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5041174463 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8243-5646 |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin |
| authorships[7].countries | MY, US |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I143923087 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Malaysia |
| authorships[7].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I78577930 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I143923087 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/005bjd415 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I143923087 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code | MY |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name | Sultan Idris Education University |
| authorships[7].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I78577930 |
| authorships[7].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00hj8s172 |
| authorships[7].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[7].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I78577930 |
| authorships[7].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[7].institutions[1].display_name | Columbia University |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Malaysia, Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5000944649 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6040-7561 |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | Rahmat Hidayat |
| authorships[8].countries | ID |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I245308123 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Information Technology, Politeknik Negeri Padang, Sumatera Barat, Padang, Indonesia |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I245308123 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04jrfgq66 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I245308123 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code | ID |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name | State University of Padang |
| authorships[8].author_position | last |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | Rahmat Hidayat |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Information Technology, Politeknik Negeri Padang, Sumatera Barat, Padang, Indonesia |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10192906.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | A Refactoring Classification Framework for Efficient Software Maintenance |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10260 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Computer Science |
| primary_topic.score | 1.0 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| primary_topic.display_name | Software Engineering Research |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2096877983, https://openalex.org/W2186150085, https://openalex.org/W3089490784, https://openalex.org/W3161551626, https://openalex.org/W2010680342, https://openalex.org/W2069073539, https://openalex.org/W1985559452, https://openalex.org/W2027488246, https://openalex.org/W4385255161, https://openalex.org/W1938356314 |
| cited_by_count | 14 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 7 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 4 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2023.3298678 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10192906.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2023.3298678 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10192906.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3298678 |
| publication_date | 2023-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W3020617474, https://openalex.org/W2158864412, https://openalex.org/W3027212681, https://openalex.org/W2167363007, https://openalex.org/W2041703907, https://openalex.org/W3023637954, https://openalex.org/W2024527596, https://openalex.org/W2065926773, https://openalex.org/W2035390683, https://openalex.org/W3089663604, https://openalex.org/W2475137645, https://openalex.org/W74649515, https://openalex.org/W1938085887, https://openalex.org/W6607789079, https://openalex.org/W4248809073, https://openalex.org/W2725758135, https://openalex.org/W2159725273, https://openalex.org/W3152899575, https://openalex.org/W2116610783, https://openalex.org/W104681139, https://openalex.org/W2044898165, https://openalex.org/W4313417957, https://openalex.org/W2547169108, https://openalex.org/W2049855035, https://openalex.org/W2546999186, https://openalex.org/W2901914913, https://openalex.org/W6729589702, https://openalex.org/W4312245811, https://openalex.org/W6750760571, https://openalex.org/W2754933550, https://openalex.org/W2802321025, https://openalex.org/W6780284735, https://openalex.org/W3000216919, https://openalex.org/W2153597961, https://openalex.org/W2029348203, https://openalex.org/W4308427275, https://openalex.org/W4291213652, https://openalex.org/W4238874727, https://openalex.org/W3204913240, https://openalex.org/W2968398286, https://openalex.org/W2346950350, https://openalex.org/W2580729925, https://openalex.org/W2141951329, https://openalex.org/W3014628614, https://openalex.org/W2804319089, https://openalex.org/W4280653264, https://openalex.org/W1963774948, https://openalex.org/W2153887189, https://openalex.org/W2783912185, https://openalex.org/W6703956642, https://openalex.org/W2382315693, https://openalex.org/W2993714758, https://openalex.org/W2135790748, https://openalex.org/W2120936810, https://openalex.org/W6605523156, https://openalex.org/W2165043113, https://openalex.org/W2053711782, https://openalex.org/W2111260823, https://openalex.org/W2592144821, https://openalex.org/W2157543803, https://openalex.org/W2042188687, https://openalex.org/W1524601730, https://openalex.org/W4297792605, https://openalex.org/W2892317265, https://openalex.org/W2079695394, https://openalex.org/W2898273873, https://openalex.org/W2337949013, https://openalex.org/W4287727682, https://openalex.org/W3104802707, https://openalex.org/W240302486, https://openalex.org/W137484997, https://openalex.org/W2799835499, https://openalex.org/W2558658782, https://openalex.org/W1525982877, https://openalex.org/W191168329 |
| referenced_works_count | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 9, 25, 30, 70, 100, 166, 199, 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.By | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 117, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 129, 165, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 21, 33, 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 16, 44, 69, 92, 141, 157, 208, 229, 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 47, 108, 112, 144, 154, 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 61, 98, 122, 137, 225, 244, 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 6, 35, 39, 52, 160, 187, 221, 238, 248, 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 58, 78, 103, 176, 183, 191, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.key | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 17, 42, 67, 75, 139, 149, 155, 158, 174, 180, 188, 206, 242, 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 120, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aims | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.case | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cons | 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.five | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.make | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.need | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pros | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.role | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 95, 194, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 3, 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Model | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 107, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.costs | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.light | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plays | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 109, 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 93, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weigh | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Design | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.costs. | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effect | 43, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effort | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.making | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.namely | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scheme | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.select | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serves | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.widely | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Quality | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.absence | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aligned | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aspects | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.crucial | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effects | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhance | 62, 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 73, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leading | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overall | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.process | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quality | 48, 64, 114, 146, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(QMOOD), | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applying | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.commonly | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.embraced | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employed | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expenses | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.followed | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identify | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.informed | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.internal | 113, 145, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involved | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outcomes | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.portion, | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.software | 4, 22, 59, 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 87, 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies, | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suitable | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.valuable | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis. | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decisions | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evolution | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expenses. | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings, | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.framework | 72, 102, 150, 196, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guideline | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.influence | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introduce | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involving | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimizes | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reduction | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.selecting | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.software. | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technique | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.80% | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Comprising | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Initially, | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activities | 38, 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 2, 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.attributes | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constitute | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developers | 60, 79, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurable | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.minimizing | 36, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multi-case | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reinforced | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surpassing | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technique, | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.techniques | 46, 84, 106, 143, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.appropriate | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.attributes, | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.attributes. | 115, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenging | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.classifying | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complicates | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.components, | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conflicting | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constructed | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developers. | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exploratory | 118, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maintenance | 5, 37, 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methodology | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.objectives. | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potentially | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.refactoring | 45, 83, 105, 126, 178, 192, 210, 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.techniques, | 127, 179, 193, 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Refactoring, | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development. | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectively. | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experimental | 131, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inconsistent | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.streamlining | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Additionally, | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Consequently, | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Subsequently, | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehending | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehensive | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.classification | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Object-Oriented | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considerations, | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decision-making | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developers’ | 236 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 97 |
| countries_distinct_count | 5 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 9 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.4699999988079071 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Peace, Justice and strong institutions |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.97107004 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |