Cryptography • Vol 9 • No 4
A Review on Blockchain-Based Trust and Reputation Schemes in Metaverse Environments
November 2025 • Firdous Kausar, Sajid Hussain, Shahid Mumtaz
The metaverse represents a transformative integration of virtual and physical worlds, offering unprecedented opportunities for social interaction, commerce, education, healthcare, and entertainment. Establishing trust in these expansive and decentralized environments remains a critical challenge. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized, secure, and immutable nature, is emerging as an essential pillar of trust and digital asset ownership within the metaverse. This paper provides an extensive review of blockch…