A Review on Lithium Extraction Processes from Spodumene and Resource Utilization of the Generated Lithium Slag Article Swipe
Yongjie Bu
,
Wei Yan
,
Xiaozhao Deng
,
Sen Huang
,
Andy Sun
,
Qingjun Guan
,
Shuang Zhou
,
Wenqing Peng
,
Weijun Wang
,
Peng Ge
,
Yue Yang
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101073
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101073
The booming new energy industry has fueled a surge in global lithium demand, with the annual demand for lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) equivalent (LCE) projected to reach 11.2 million tons by 2050. As a key raw material for lithium extraction, spodumene generates approximately 10–15 tons of lithium slag per ton of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) produced. However, the comprehensive utilization rate of lithium slag in China remains below 30%, and most of it is disposed of through landfilling, posing soil pollution risks. This review summarizes the main lithium extraction processes from spodumene: the sulfuric acid method (with a lithium recovery rate of over 96% but high acid consumption); alkali processes (achieving 96%–99% lithium recovery and featuring low equipment corrosion, yet with untested applicability to low-grade ores); salt roasting (simplifying purification processes but only achieving ~60% sulfate recovery); and chlorination roasting (with a lithium recovery rate of over 95% but requiring strict safety controls). Additionally, this review covers the resource utilization of lithium slag: 8–10 million tons of gypsum can be recovered annually (filling 16%–20% of China’s industrial by-product gypsum supply gap); the silica–alumina micro-powder can enhance concrete strength and reduce glass fiber production costs; and over 94% of tantalum (Ta) and niobium (Nb) can be recovered from fine tantalite concentrate slag. Key research gaps and future development directions are also identified to support the low-carbon development of the lithium industry.
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Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101073
- https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/15/10/1073/pdf?version=1760448023
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 48
- OpenAlex ID
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All OpenAlex metadata
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https://openalex.org/W4415166979Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
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https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101073Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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A Review on Lithium Extraction Processes from Spodumene and Resource Utilization of the Generated Lithium SlagWork title
- Type
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reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
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2025Year of publication
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2025-10-14Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Yongjie Bu, Wei Yan, Xiaozhao Deng, Sen Huang, Andy Sun, Qingjun Guan, Shuang Zhou, Wenqing Peng, Weijun Wang, Peng Ge, Yue YangList of authors in order
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https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101073Publisher landing page
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https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/15/10/1073/pdf?version=1760448023Direct link to full text PDF
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https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/15/10/1073/pdf?version=1760448023Direct OA link when available
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| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W4409780013, https://openalex.org/W2993177478, https://openalex.org/W2071466669, https://openalex.org/W3019030175, https://openalex.org/W4403383698, https://openalex.org/W4385541184, https://openalex.org/W2336200921, https://openalex.org/W4405707329, https://openalex.org/W4411871853, https://openalex.org/W4385323439, https://openalex.org/W4406168866, https://openalex.org/W1979974235, https://openalex.org/W4402600540, https://openalex.org/W4319456069, https://openalex.org/W2790835403, https://openalex.org/W2198701494, https://openalex.org/W3208437321, https://openalex.org/W2103195820, https://openalex.org/W3166915239, https://openalex.org/W2801869603, https://openalex.org/W2900479709, https://openalex.org/W2947971559, https://openalex.org/W4283026872, https://openalex.org/W4404318124, https://openalex.org/W4409279637, https://openalex.org/W4413343660, https://openalex.org/W4413184712, https://openalex.org/W4386542006, https://openalex.org/W4396946284, https://openalex.org/W2789602678, https://openalex.org/W4376504725, https://openalex.org/W4312045070, https://openalex.org/W2946219971, https://openalex.org/W3215712179, https://openalex.org/W4394858400, https://openalex.org/W2982145518, https://openalex.org/W4392139926, https://openalex.org/W4406450466, https://openalex.org/W2047144806, https://openalex.org/W2084488061, https://openalex.org/W2159510454, https://openalex.org/W4408684183, https://openalex.org/W2911243309, https://openalex.org/W2892160802, https://openalex.org/W2319840616, https://openalex.org/W3176270830, https://openalex.org/W4386098886, https://openalex.org/W2993966661 |
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