A Transport Equation Approach to Modeling the Influence of Surface Roughness on Boundary Layer Transition Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2017
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.2172/1596203
A computational investigation has been performed to better understand the impact of surface roughness on the flow over a contaminated surface. This report highlights the implementation and development of the roughness amplication model in the flow solver OVER FLOW-2. The model, originally proposed by Dassler, Kozulovic, and Fiala, introduces an additional scalar field roughness amplification quantity. This value is explicitly set at rough wall boundaries using surface roughness parameters and local flow quantities. The additional transport equation allows non-local effects of surface roughness to be accounted for downstream of rough sections. This roughness amplification variable is coupled with the Langtry-Menter model and used to modify the criteria for transition. Results from at plate test cases show good agreement with experimental transition behavior on the flow over varyings and grain roughness heights. Additional validation studies were performed on a NACA 0012 airfoil with leading edge roughness. The computationally predicted boundary layer development demonstrates good agreement with experimental results. New tests using varying roughness configurations have been carried out at the Texas A&M Oran W. Nicks Low Speed Wind Tunnel to provide further calibration of the roughness amplification method. An overview and preliminary results are provided of this concurrent experimental investigation.
Related Topics
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.2172/1596203
- OA Status
- green
- Cited By
- 17
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2278186309
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W2278186309Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.2172/1596203Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
A Transport Equation Approach to Modeling the Influence of Surface Roughness on Boundary Layer TransitionWork title
- Type
-
reportOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2017Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2017-10-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Christopher M. Langel, Raymond Chow, C. VAN DAM, David ManiaciList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.2172/1596203Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
greenOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1596203Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Surface finish, Surface roughness, Airfoil, Boundary layer, Mechanics, Roughness length, Wind tunnel, Materials science, Flow (mathematics), Scalar (mathematics), Solver, Geometry, Meteorology, Mathematics, Physics, Composite material, Wind speed, Mathematical optimization, Wind profile power lawTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
17Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 3, 2024: 3, 2023: 2, 2022: 6, 2021: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W2278186309 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.2172/1596203 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.2172/1596203 |
| ids.mag | 2278186309 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W2278186309 |
| fwci | |
| type | report |
| title | A Transport Equation Approach to Modeling the Influence of Surface Roughness on Boundary Layer Transition |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11799 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.4339999854564667 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2211 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Mechanics of Materials |
| topics[0].display_name | Adhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10313 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Materials Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.39989998936653137 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2508 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Surfaces, Coatings and Films |
| topics[1].display_name | Surface Modification and Superhydrophobicity |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T13049 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.37869998812675476 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2206 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Computational Mechanics |
| topics[2].display_name | Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C71039073 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6889954805374146 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Surface finish |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C107365816 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6544221043586731 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Surface roughness |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C112124176 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6240514516830444 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4698744 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Airfoil |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C111603439 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5875978469848633 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752193 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Boundary layer |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C57879066 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.561394214630127 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Mechanics |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C120618610 |
| concepts[5].level | 4 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5217458009719849 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7370913 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Roughness length |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C100086909 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4983644485473633 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193010 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Wind tunnel |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C192562407 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4805220067501068 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Materials science |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C38349280 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.47830942273139954 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Flow (mathematics) |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C57691317 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4485335946083069 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Scalar (mathematics) |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C2778770139 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.42371487617492676 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Solver |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C2524010 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.32570862770080566 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Geometry |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C153294291 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.21523183584213257 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Meteorology |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.18138989806175232 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.1732570230960846 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C159985019 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.14809927344322205 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Composite material |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C161067210 |
| concepts[16].level | 2 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.121379554271698 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Wind speed |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C126255220 |
| concepts[17].level | 1 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.10816428065299988 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Mathematical optimization |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C154718420 |
| concepts[18].level | 3 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.08395761251449585 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269096 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Wind profile power law |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-finish |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6889954805374146 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Surface finish |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6544221043586731 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Surface roughness |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/airfoil |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6240514516830444 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Airfoil |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-layer |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5875978469848633 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Boundary layer |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics |
| keywords[4].score | 0.561394214630127 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Mechanics |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/roughness-length |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5217458009719849 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Roughness length |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-tunnel |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4983644485473633 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Wind tunnel |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4805220067501068 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Materials science |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/flow |
| keywords[8].score | 0.47830942273139954 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Flow (mathematics) |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4485335946083069 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Scalar (mathematics) |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/solver |
| keywords[10].score | 0.42371487617492676 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Solver |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry |
| keywords[11].score | 0.32570862770080566 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Geometry |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology |
| keywords[12].score | 0.21523183584213257 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Meteorology |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[13].score | 0.18138989806175232 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Mathematics |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[14].score | 0.1732570230960846 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material |
| keywords[15].score | 0.14809927344322205 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Composite material |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed |
| keywords[16].score | 0.121379554271698 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Wind speed |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization |
| keywords[17].score | 0.10816428065299988 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Mathematical optimization |
| keywords[18].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-profile-power-law |
| keywords[18].score | 0.08395761251449585 |
| keywords[18].display_name | Wind profile power law |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.2172/1596203 |
| locations[0].is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source | |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | report |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.2172/1596203 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:osti.gov:1596203 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402487 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Office of Scientific and Technical Information |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1596203 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5023652679 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Christopher M. Langel |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States) |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05rrcem69 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, Davis |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Christopher Langel |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States) |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5006237121 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Raymond Chow |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States) |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05rrcem69 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, Davis |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Raymond Chow |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States) |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5108656856 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | C. VAN DAM |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States) |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05rrcem69 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, Davis |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | C. van Dam |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States) |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5034860616 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-8005 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | David Maniaci |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I192454743 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States) |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I192454743 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/058m7ey48 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I192454743, https://openalex.org/I198811213, https://openalex.org/I198811213, https://openalex.org/I4210104735 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Sandia National Laboratories California |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | David Maniaci |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States) |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1596203 |
| open_access.oa_status | green |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | A Transport Equation Approach to Modeling the Influence of Surface Roughness on Boundary Layer Transition |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11799 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.4339999854564667 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2211 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Mechanics of Materials |
| primary_topic.display_name | Adhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2116307597, https://openalex.org/W1564882210, https://openalex.org/W3210836806, https://openalex.org/W2607353083, https://openalex.org/W4384930412, https://openalex.org/W838937606, https://openalex.org/W2796201951, https://openalex.org/W1931534613, https://openalex.org/W1530937550, https://openalex.org/W2781637929 |
| cited_by_count | 17 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[5].year | 2019 |
| counts_by_year[5].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | pmh:oai:osti.gov:1596203 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402487 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | |
| best_oa_location.source.type | repository |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | False |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Office of Scientific and Technical Information |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | submittedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | False |
| best_oa_location.is_published | False |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1596203 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.2172/1596203 |
| primary_location.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source | |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | report |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.2172/1596203 |
| publication_date | 2017-10-01 |
| publication_year | 2017 |
| referenced_works_count | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 18, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.An | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.W. | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 61, 111, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 58, 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 11, 28, 80, 88, 182, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 14, 122, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 6, 83, 103, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Low | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.New | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 39, 73, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 26, 46, 69, 101, 127, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 86, 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.out | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.set | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 9, 15, 24, 29, 34, 98, 105, 123, 168, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0012 | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.NACA | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.OVER | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Oran | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 21, 56, 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Wind | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 4, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.edge | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flow | 16, 35, 71, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.good | 116, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 17, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wall | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 97, 118, 141, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Nicks | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Speed | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Texas | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cases | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grain | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.layer | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.local | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 32, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plate | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rough | 62, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tests | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 65, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.value | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Fiala, | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Tunnel | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allows | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.better | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model, | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modify | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.report | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scalar | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solver | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A&M | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.FLOW-2. | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.airfoil | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carried | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coupled | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effects | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leading | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method. | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surface | 12, 66, 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.varying | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Dassler, | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behavior | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.boundary | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.criteria | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.equation | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.heights. | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overview | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provided | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results. | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surface. | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variable | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.varyings | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accounted | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agreement | 117, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-local | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performed | 5, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predicted | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantity. | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.roughness | 13, 30, 53, 67, 82, 92, 129, 161, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sections. | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transport | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Additional | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Kozulovic, | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.additional | 50, 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.boundaries | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concurrent | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.downstream | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explicitly | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlights | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introduces | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.originally | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameters | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.roughness. | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transition | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understand | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validation | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.amplication | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibration | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development | 27, 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preliminary | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantities. | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transition. | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contaminated | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrates | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experimental | 119, 155, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.amplification | 54, 93, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computational | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigation | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Langtry-Menter | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.configurations | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementation | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigation. | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computationally | 146 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.4099999964237213 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Sustainable cities and communities |
| citation_normalized_percentile |