Achieving 100% amplitude modulation depth in the terahertz range with graphene-based tuneable capacitance metamaterials Article Swipe

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Ruqiao Xia , Nikita W. Almond , Wadood Tadbier , Stephen J. Kindness , Riccardo Degl’Innocenti , Yuezhen Lu , Abbie Lowe , B. P. Ramsay , Lukas A. Jakob , James Dann , Stephan Hofmann , Harvey E. Beere , S. A. Mikhaǐlov , D. A. Ritchie , Wladislaw Michailow ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01945-4

Effective control of terahertz radiation requires fast and efficient modulators with a large modulation depth—a challenge that is often tackled by using metamaterials. Metamaterial-based active modulators can be created by placing graphene as a tuneable element shunting regions of high electric field confinement in metamaterials. However, in this common approach, the graphene is used as a variable resistor, and the modulation is achieved by resistive damping of the resonance. In combination with the finite conductivity of graphene due to its gapless nature, achieving 100% modulation depth using this approach remains challenging. Here, we embed nanoscale graphene capacitors within the gaps of the metamaterial resonators, and thus switch from a resistive damping to a capacitive tuning of the resonance. We further expand the optical modulation range by device excitation from its substrate side. As a result, we demonstrate terahertz modulators with over four orders of magnitude modulation depth (45.7 dB at 1.68 THz and 40.1 dB at 2.15 THz), and a reconfiguration speed of 30 MHz. These tuneable capacitance modulators are electrically controlled solid-state devices enabling unity modulation with graphene conductivities below 0.7 mS. The demonstrated approach can be applied to enhance modulation performance of any metamaterial-based modulator with a 2D electron gas. Our results open up new frontiers in the area of terahertz communications, real-time imaging, and wave-optical analogue computing.

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Metamaterial Terahertz radiation Materials science Optoelectronics Modulation (music) Graphene Amplitude modulation Metamaterial absorber Resistive touchscreen Optics Frequency modulation Physics Telecommunications Nanotechnology Electrical engineering Acoustics Computer science Bandwidth (computing) Engineering Tunable metamaterials

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Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01945-4
PDF: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-025-01945-4.pdf
OA Status: gold
Cited By: 5
References: 66
Related Works: 10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01945-4

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Title: Achieving 100% amplitude modulation depth in the terahertz range with graphene-based tuneable capacitance metamaterials

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Language: en

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Publication year: 2025

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Publication date: 2025-08-03

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Authors: Ruqiao Xia, Nikita W. Almond, Wadood Tadbier, Stephen J. Kindness, Riccardo Degl’Innocenti, Yuezhen Lu, Abbie Lowe, B. P. Ramsay, Lukas A. Jakob, James Dann, Stephan Hofmann, Harvey E. Beere, S. A. Mikhaǐlov, D. A. Ritchie, Wladislaw Michailow

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Landing page: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01945-4

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PDF URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-025-01945-4.pdf

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Concepts: Metamaterial, Terahertz radiation, Materials science, Optoelectronics, Modulation (music), Graphene, Amplitude modulation, Metamaterial absorber, Resistive touchscreen, Optics, Frequency modulation, Physics, Telecommunications, Nanotechnology, Electrical engineering, Acoustics, Computer science, Bandwidth (computing), Engineering, Tunable metamaterials

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Cited by: 5

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abstract_inverted_index.resonance.	69, 118
abstract_inverted_index.capacitance	168
abstract_inverted_index.combination	71
abstract_inverted_index.confinement	43
abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate	137
abstract_inverted_index.performance	193
abstract_inverted_index.resonators,	104
abstract_inverted_index.solid-state	173
abstract_inverted_index.challenging.	91
abstract_inverted_index.conductivity	75
abstract_inverted_index.demonstrated	185
abstract_inverted_index.electrically	171
abstract_inverted_index.metamaterial	103
abstract_inverted_index.wave-optical	218
abstract_inverted_index.conductivities	180
abstract_inverted_index.metamaterials.	23, 45
abstract_inverted_index.communications,	214
abstract_inverted_index.reconfiguration	161
abstract_inverted_index.Metamaterial-based	24
abstract_inverted_index.metamaterial-based	196
cited_by_percentile_year.max	98
cited_by_percentile_year.min	97
countries_distinct_count	2
institutions_distinct_count	15
sustainable_development_goals[0].id	https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7
sustainable_development_goals[0].score	0.5400000214576721
sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name	Affordable and clean energy
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citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	True