An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle Article Swipe
Ivan Župan
,
Viktor Šunde
,
Željko Ban
,
Branimir Novoselnik
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217346
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217346
Energy savings in electric rail transport are important in order to increase energy efficiency and reduce its carbon footprint. This can be achieved by storing and using the energy generated during regenerative braking. The system described in this paper consists of a supercapacitor energy storage system (SC ESS), a bidirectional DC/DC converter, and an algorithm to control the energy flow. The proper design of the algorithm is critical for maximizing energy savings and stabilizing the power grid, and it affects the lifetime of the SC ESS. This paper presents an energy flow control algorithm based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle that balances maximum energy savings with maximum SC ESS lifetime. The algorithm also performs SC ESS recharging while the rail vehicle stops on inclines to reduce the impact of its next acceleration on the power grid. To validate the algorithm, offline simulations are performed using real tram speed measurements. The results are then verified with a real-time laboratory emulation setup with HIL simulation. The tram and power grid are emulated with LiFePO4 batteries, while the SC ESS is emulated with a supercapacitor. The proposed algorithm controls a three-phase converter that enables energy exchange between the batteries and the supercapacitor. The results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible in real time and that it can be used under real operating conditions.
Related Topics
Concepts
Regenerative brake
Energy storage
Automotive engineering
Supercapacitor
Energy (signal processing)
Algorithm
Computer science
Power (physics)
Electric vehicle
Control theory (sociology)
Engineering
Control (management)
Brake
Mathematics
Capacitance
Artificial intelligence
Physics
Chemistry
Statistics
Electrode
Physical chemistry
Quantum mechanics
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217346
- https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7346/pdf?version=1698726974
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 4
- References
- 31
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4388018091
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4388018091Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217346Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
An Energy Flow Control Algorithm of Regenerative Braking for Trams Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum PrincipleWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-10-30Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Ivan Župan, Viktor Šunde, Željko Ban, Branimir NovoselnikList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217346Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7346/pdf?version=1698726974Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/21/7346/pdf?version=1698726974Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Regenerative brake, Energy storage, Automotive engineering, Supercapacitor, Energy (signal processing), Algorithm, Computer science, Power (physics), Electric vehicle, Control theory (sociology), Engineering, Control (management), Brake, Mathematics, Capacitance, Artificial intelligence, Physics, Chemistry, Statistics, Electrode, Physical chemistry, Quantum mechanicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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4Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
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2025: 2, 2024: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
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31Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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