An RSSI Classification and Tracing Algorithm to Improve Trilateration-Based Positioning Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2020
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154244
Received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based positioning is suitable for large-scale applications due to its advantages of low cost and high accuracy. However, it suffers from low stability because RSSI is easily blocked and easily interfered with by objects and environmental effects. Therefore, this paper proposed a tri-partition RSSI classification and its tracing algorithm as an RSSI filter. The proposed filter shows an available feature, where small test RSSI samples gain a low deviation of less than 1 dBm from a large RSSI sample collected about 10 min, and the sub-classification RSSIs conform to normal distribution when the minimum sample count is greater than 20. The proposed filter also offers several advantages compared to the mean filter, including lower variance range with an overall range of around 1 dBm, 25.9% decreased sample variance, and 65% probability of mitigating RSSI left-skewness. We experimentally confirmed the proposed filter worked in the path-loss exponent fitting and location computing, and a 4.45-fold improvement in positioning stability based on the sample standard variance, and positioning accuracy improved by 20.5% with an overall error of less than 1.46 m.
Related Topics
- Type
- letter
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154244
- https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4244/pdf?version=1596106293
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 43
- References
- 47
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3045926382
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3045926382Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154244Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
An RSSI Classification and Tracing Algorithm to Improve Trilateration-Based PositioningWork title
- Type
-
letterOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2020Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2020-07-30Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Yong Jiu Shi, Wenzhong Shi, Xintao Liu, Xianjian XiaoList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154244Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4244/pdf?version=1596106293Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4244/pdf?version=1596106293Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Trilateration, Skewness, Algorithm, Computer science, Signal strength, Filter (signal processing), Variance (accounting), Standard deviation, Range (aeronautics), Sample (material), Statistics, Tracing, Stability (learning theory), Mathematics, Engineering, Wireless, Node (physics), Computer vision, Telecommunications, Chemistry, Aerospace engineering, Business, Chromatography, Operating system, Accounting, Structural engineering, Machine learningTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
43Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 6, 2024: 6, 2023: 10, 2022: 6, 2021: 13Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
47Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3045926382 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154244 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154244 |
| ids.mag | 3045926382 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32751485 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3045926382 |
| fwci | 3.04433555 |
| type | letter |
| title | An RSSI Classification and Tracing Algorithm to Improve Trilateration-Based Positioning |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G933502879 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 41571382 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| biblio.issue | 15 |
| biblio.volume | 20 |
| biblio.last_page | 4244 |
| biblio.first_page | 4244 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10326 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 1.0 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11192 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9922000169754028 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2212 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Ocean Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10655 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9916999936103821 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | GNSS positioning and interference |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01h0zpd94 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2400 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2598 |
| apc_paid.value | 2400 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2598 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C20832178 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8610244989395142 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146298 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Trilateration |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C122342681 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5567928552627563 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330828 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Skewness |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C11413529 |
| concepts[2].level | 1 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5431063175201416 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Algorithm |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5271251797676086 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C176808163 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.506015956401825 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Signal strength |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C106131492 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5033361315727234 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Filter (signal processing) |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C196083921 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4874296486377716 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Variance (accounting) |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C22679943 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.48494675755500793 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Standard deviation |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C204323151 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4426741600036621 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Range (aeronautics) |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C198531522 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.43131542205810547 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Sample (material) |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C105795698 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.42425334453582764 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Statistics |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C138673069 |
| concepts[11].level | 2 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.41922807693481445 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Tracing |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C112972136 |
| concepts[12].level | 2 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.41535964608192444 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Stability (learning theory) |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.31906795501708984 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.22612860798835754 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C555944384 |
| concepts[15].level | 2 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.19662094116210938 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Wireless |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C62611344 |
| concepts[16].level | 2 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.12785857915878296 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Node (physics) |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C31972630 |
| concepts[17].level | 1 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.10222941637039185 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Computer vision |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C76155785 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.09594741463661194 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Telecommunications |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C185592680 |
| concepts[19].level | 0 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Chemistry |
| concepts[20].id | https://openalex.org/C146978453 |
| concepts[20].level | 1 |
| concepts[20].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[20].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668 |
| concepts[20].display_name | Aerospace engineering |
| concepts[21].id | https://openalex.org/C144133560 |
| concepts[21].level | 0 |
| concepts[21].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[21].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453 |
| concepts[21].display_name | Business |
| concepts[22].id | https://openalex.org/C43617362 |
| concepts[22].level | 1 |
| concepts[22].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[22].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050 |
| concepts[22].display_name | Chromatography |
| concepts[23].id | https://openalex.org/C111919701 |
| concepts[23].level | 1 |
| concepts[23].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[23].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135 |
| concepts[23].display_name | Operating system |
| concepts[24].id | https://openalex.org/C121955636 |
| concepts[24].level | 1 |
| concepts[24].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[24].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214 |
| concepts[24].display_name | Accounting |
| concepts[25].id | https://openalex.org/C66938386 |
| concepts[25].level | 1 |
| concepts[25].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[25].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538 |
| concepts[25].display_name | Structural engineering |
| concepts[26].id | https://openalex.org/C119857082 |
| concepts[26].level | 1 |
| concepts[26].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[26].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539 |
| concepts[26].display_name | Machine learning |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/trilateration |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8610244989395142 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Trilateration |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/skewness |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5567928552627563 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Skewness |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5431063175201416 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Algorithm |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5271251797676086 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength |
| keywords[4].score | 0.506015956401825 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Signal strength |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/filter |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5033361315727234 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Filter (signal processing) |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/variance |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4874296486377716 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Variance (accounting) |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation |
| keywords[7].score | 0.48494675755500793 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Standard deviation |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/range |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4426741600036621 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Range (aeronautics) |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/sample |
| keywords[9].score | 0.43131542205810547 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Sample (material) |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics |
| keywords[10].score | 0.42425334453582764 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Statistics |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing |
| keywords[11].score | 0.41922807693481445 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Tracing |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/stability |
| keywords[12].score | 0.41535964608192444 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Stability (learning theory) |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[13].score | 0.31906795501708984 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Mathematics |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[14].score | 0.22612860798835754 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless |
| keywords[15].score | 0.19662094116210938 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Wireless |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/node |
| keywords[16].score | 0.12785857915878296 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Node (physics) |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision |
| keywords[17].score | 0.10222941637039185 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Computer vision |
| keywords[18].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications |
| keywords[18].score | 0.09594741463661194 |
| keywords[18].display_name | Telecommunications |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/s20154244 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Sensors |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4244/pdf?version=1596106293 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Sensors |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154244 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:32751485 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32751485 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c0be000f8c4c4ade9578f8fbaf8ff0af |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Sensors, Vol 20, Iss 15, p 4244 (2020) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/c0be000f8c4c4ade9578f8fbaf8ff0af |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/88377 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400205 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | Hong Kong Polytechnic University |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| locations[3].license | cc-by |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | Journal/Magazine Article |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | http://hdl.handle.net/10397/88377 |
| locations[4].id | pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/20/15/4244/ |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400947 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | MDPI (MDPI AG) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[4].license | cc-by |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[4].raw_type | Text |
| locations[4].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | False |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | Sensors; Volume 20; Issue 15; Pages: 4244 |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154244 |
| locations[5].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7436166 |
| locations[5].is_oa | True |
| locations[5].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[5].source.issn | |
| locations[5].source.type | repository |
| locations[5].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[5].source.issn_l | |
| locations[5].source.is_core | False |
| locations[5].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[5].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[5].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[5].license | other-oa |
| locations[5].pdf_url | |
| locations[5].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[5].raw_type | Text |
| locations[5].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[5].is_accepted | False |
| locations[5].is_published | False |
| locations[5].raw_source_name | Sensors (Basel) |
| locations[5].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7436166 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101509830 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9979-9091 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Yong Jiu Shi |
| authorships[0].countries | CN, HK |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210108723 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | School of Computer Information and Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 21300, China |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210108723 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/020mrfq61 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210108723 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Changzhou Institute of Technology |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/0030zas98 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | HK |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Hong Kong Polytechnic University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Yong Shi |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, School of Computer Information and Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 21300, China |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100644664 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-7027 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Wenzhong Shi |
| authorships[1].countries | HK |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0030zas98 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | HK |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Hong Kong Polytechnic University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Wenzhong Shi |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5056683902 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7323-9878 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Xintao Liu |
| authorships[2].countries | HK |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0030zas98 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | HK |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Hong Kong Polytechnic University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Xintao Liu |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5111035333 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Xianjian Xiao |
| authorships[3].countries | CN |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210108723 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Computer Information and Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 21300, China |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210108723 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/020mrfq61 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210108723 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Changzhou Institute of Technology |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Xianjian Xiao |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Computer Information and Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 21300, China |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4244/pdf?version=1596106293 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | An RSSI Classification and Tracing Algorithm to Improve Trilateration-Based Positioning |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10326 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 1.0 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4214904000, https://openalex.org/W2181368252, https://openalex.org/W2153442034, https://openalex.org/W2163571608, https://openalex.org/W2084723156, https://openalex.org/W1993982689, https://openalex.org/W1561878349, https://openalex.org/W2771883571, https://openalex.org/W3123871160, https://openalex.org/W2537445513 |
| cited_by_count | 43 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 10 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 13 |
| counts_by_year[5].year | 2020 |
| counts_by_year[5].cited_by_count | 2 |
| locations_count | 6 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/s20154244 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Sensors |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4244/pdf?version=1596106293 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Sensors |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154244 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/s20154244 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S101949793 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1424-8220 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1424-8220 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Sensors |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/15/4244/pdf?version=1596106293 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Sensors |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154244 |
| publication_date | 2020-07-30 |
| publication_year | 2020 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2971276053, https://openalex.org/W2744177195, https://openalex.org/W2890475204, https://openalex.org/W2603071509, https://openalex.org/W2889079547, https://openalex.org/W2099371695, https://openalex.org/W2548960336, https://openalex.org/W2047165855, https://openalex.org/W2984556358, https://openalex.org/W2059087443, https://openalex.org/W2898883942, https://openalex.org/W2582846117, https://openalex.org/W2770093175, https://openalex.org/W2118099695, https://openalex.org/W3006154135, https://openalex.org/W2922387732, https://openalex.org/W2042405347, https://openalex.org/W2089887600, https://openalex.org/W2923845588, https://openalex.org/W2803351776, https://openalex.org/W2981002645, https://openalex.org/W1981373725, https://openalex.org/W2955562638, https://openalex.org/W2073708166, https://openalex.org/W2908906402, https://openalex.org/W2278572312, https://openalex.org/W2383917747, https://openalex.org/W2001001241, https://openalex.org/W2544566381, https://openalex.org/W2738717093, https://openalex.org/W2037436048, https://openalex.org/W2007126414, https://openalex.org/W6607840220, https://openalex.org/W3006448380, https://openalex.org/W2105738738, https://openalex.org/W1965919406, https://openalex.org/W1983772147, https://openalex.org/W2054799039, https://openalex.org/W2753866421, https://openalex.org/W3016331483, https://openalex.org/W2896156141, https://openalex.org/W2972355358, https://openalex.org/W2898051988, https://openalex.org/W1992614755, https://openalex.org/W2904456171, https://openalex.org/W192647492, https://openalex.org/W3030402745 |
| referenced_works_count | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1 | 76, 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 45, 70, 79, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.10 | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 54, 61, 121, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 36, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 146, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 6, 29, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.m. | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 15, 73, 124, 135, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 12, 92, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.20. | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.65% | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 57, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 18, 32, 38, 49, 87, 132, 151, 154, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dBm | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 13, 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 16, 25, 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 88, 96, 113, 142, 147, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.46 | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RSSI | 28, 47, 55, 67, 81, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cost | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dBm, | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 24, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gain | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.less | 74, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mean | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.min, | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 75, 102, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 35, 120, 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.20.5% | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.25.9% | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RSSIs | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.about | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.count | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.error | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lower | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.range | 119, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shows | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.where | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.around | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.easily | 30, 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.filter | 59, 106, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.normal | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.offers | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sample | 82, 98, 130, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.signal | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.worked | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.because | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blocked | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conform | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.filter, | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.filter. | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fitting | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.greater | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.minimum | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.objects | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overall | 122, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.samples | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.several | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suffers | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tracing | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Received | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effects. | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exponent | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feature, | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improved | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.location | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 44, 58, 105, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.standard | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strength | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suitable | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variance | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4.45-fold | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy. | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithm | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.available | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collected | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.confirmed | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decreased | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deviation | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicator | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.path-loss | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stability | 26, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variance, | 131, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Therefore, | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advantages | 14, 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computing, | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interfered | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mitigating | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improvement | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large-scale | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positioning | 5, 159, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.probability | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(RSSI)-based | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environmental | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tri-partition | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.classification | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experimentally | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.left-skewness. | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sub-classification | 89 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 94 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5100644664 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I14243506 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.6299999952316284 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Life in Land |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.92665523 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |