Animals process and integrate sensory inputs to generate appropriate behavioral output. However, neural mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here we established a short-term, visual discrimination task for head-fixed mice combined with in vivo two-photon imaging to relate neural activity to behavior. Viral vectors encoding the calcium indicator protein GCaMP6m were injected into the visual cortex of adult C57BL/6j mice. Water-restricted mice were trained to discriminate a target stimulus consisting o…