AnnotationGym: A Generic Framework for Automatic Source Code Annotation Article Swipe
Hafsah Shahzad
,
Ahmed Sanaullah
,
S. Arora
,
Ulrich Drepper
,
Martin Herbordt
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852
A common approach to code optimization is to insert compiler hints in the source code using annotations. Two major challenges with using annotations effectively are their complexity and lack of portability. This means, first, that significant developer expertise is required, and, second, that the supported annotations, as well as their syntax and use, can vary substantially. Moreover, there is not currently any tool that can output performant annotation-inserted codes for different back-ends. To address these challenges, we present AnnotationGym, an easy-to-use, open-source, generic infrastructure that supplements or replaces the developer in annotating source code. It demonstrates a novel application of AI methods to code annotation. In addition to improving code performance, the flexibility of AnnotationGym enables easy comparisons of performance and optimization strategies among compilers and target architectures and thus provides an extensible platform to facilitate further progress in this field. AnnotationGym automatically extracts structured information about the target code and compiler to generate a list of possible annotations. AI-based optimization algorithms then traverse this space to determine the best set of annotations depending on the developer goals. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we run AnnotationGym on popular, representative workloads from the Polybench suite, as well as targeting various compilers (GCC, AMD HLS, Intel HLS), optimization algorithms (Reinforcement Learning, Bayesian Optimization), and architectures (CPU, FPGA). We also test our approach on FPGA codes derived, e.g., from the Rodinia and OpenDwarfs benchmarks and that are hand-optimized using standard best practices. An interesting finding is that the best overall performance obtained by AnnotationGym was generally with unoptimized codes.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 38
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4413966977
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4413966977Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
AnnotationGym: A Generic Framework for Automatic Source Code AnnotationWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Hafsah Shahzad, Ahmed Sanaullah, S. Arora, Ulrich Drepper, Martin HerbordtList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Computer science, Annotation, Source code, Code (set theory), Programming language, Artificial intelligence, Set (abstract data type)Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
1Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
38Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4413966977 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4413966977 |
| fwci | 4.81974515 |
| type | article |
| title | AnnotationGym: A Generic Framework for Automatic Source Code Annotation |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 13 |
| biblio.last_page | 155339 |
| biblio.first_page | 155321 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10181 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.992900013923645 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[0].display_name | Natural Language Processing Techniques |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10260 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9793000221252441 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| topics[1].display_name | Software Engineering Research |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12016 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9740999937057495 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1710 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Information Systems |
| topics[2].display_name | Web Data Mining and Analysis |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1850 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1850 |
| apc_paid.value | 1850 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1850 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[0].level | 0 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8304088711738586 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2776321320 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6009529232978821 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Annotation |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C43126263 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5406704545021057 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Source code |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2776760102 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.4844677448272705 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Code (set theory) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C199360897 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.45484837889671326 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Programming language |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.24911335110664368 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C177264268 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.08149704337120056 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Set (abstract data type) |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8304088711738586 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6009529232978821 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Annotation |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5406704545021057 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Source code |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/code |
| keywords[3].score | 0.4844677448272705 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Code (set theory) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language |
| keywords[4].score | 0.45484837889671326 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Programming language |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[5].score | 0.24911335110664368 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/set |
| keywords[6].score | 0.08149704337120056 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Set (abstract data type) |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605852 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:16b352585a954537a336caee5a3d9377 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 155321-155339 (2025) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/16b352585a954537a336caee5a3d9377 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5014027237 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1181-5603 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Hafsah Shahzad |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I111088046 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA, United States |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I111088046 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05qwgg493 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I111088046 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Boston University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Hafsah Shahzad |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA, United States |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5034744458 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7169-480X |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Ahmed Sanaullah |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1328219102 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Red Hat Inc, United States |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1328219102 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ncs3316 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | company |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1328219102 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Red Hat (United States) |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Ahmed Sanaullah |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Red Hat Inc, United States |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5106133528 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | S. Arora |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1328219102 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Red Hat Inc, United States |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1328219102 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ncs3316 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | company |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1328219102 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Red Hat (United States) |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Sanjay Arora |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Red Hat Inc, United States |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5006985358 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5120-7869 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Ulrich Drepper |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1328219102 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Red Hat Inc, United States |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1328219102 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ncs3316 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | company |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1328219102 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Red Hat (United States) |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Ulrich Drepper |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Red Hat Inc, United States |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5021051610 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-9113 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Martin Herbordt |
| authorships[4].countries | US |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I111088046 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA, United States |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I111088046 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05qwgg493 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I111088046 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Boston University |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Martin Herbordt |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA, United States |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | AnnotationGym: A Generic Framework for Automatic Source Code Annotation |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10181 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Computer Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.992900013923645 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| primary_topic.display_name | Natural Language Processing Techniques |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4391375266, https://openalex.org/W2899084033, https://openalex.org/W2748952813, https://openalex.org/W2361861616, https://openalex.org/W2263699433, https://openalex.org/W2377979023, https://openalex.org/W2218034408, https://openalex.org/W2392921965, https://openalex.org/W2358755282, https://openalex.org/W3081644756 |
| cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605852 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605852 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3605852 |
| publication_date | 2025-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W3214154787, https://openalex.org/W3200950867, https://openalex.org/W3008788679, https://openalex.org/W2080592089, https://openalex.org/W2915194696, https://openalex.org/W4396949821, https://openalex.org/W2780361452, https://openalex.org/W3082811184, https://openalex.org/W2962724414, https://openalex.org/W2994999011, https://openalex.org/W3108085245, https://openalex.org/W4252821989, https://openalex.org/W1987304299, https://openalex.org/W2619305731, https://openalex.org/W4285114951, https://openalex.org/W2969583281, https://openalex.org/W2896873429, https://openalex.org/W2964041005, https://openalex.org/W3160539805, https://openalex.org/W3090389586, https://openalex.org/W4229673714, https://openalex.org/W2782904295, https://openalex.org/W4221000689, https://openalex.org/W3216300721, https://openalex.org/W4308090441, https://openalex.org/W3215789682, https://openalex.org/W4285204409, https://openalex.org/W4293026115, https://openalex.org/W4320891761, https://openalex.org/W4401019067, https://openalex.org/W2942063194, https://openalex.org/W3033144124, https://openalex.org/W4353031841, https://openalex.org/W4293025067, https://openalex.org/W4321637375, https://openalex.org/W3206261744, https://openalex.org/W4321496220, https://openalex.org/W2175477959 |
| referenced_works_count | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 96, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AI | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.An | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.It | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.To | 72, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 79, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 46, 48, 193, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 11, 90, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 6, 38, 58, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 29, 99, 113, 118, 156, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 174, 185, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 3, 7, 102, 107, 134, 152, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 76, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AMD | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Two | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 27, 51, 120, 125, 128, 150, 210, 227, 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.any | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 24, 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 53, 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.run | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.set | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 12, 43, 88, 111, 147, 168, 175, 190, 225, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.FPGA | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HLS, | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and, | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.best | 169, 236, 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.code | 4, 14, 103, 109, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.easy | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 189, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lack | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.list | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 34, 42, 63, 84, 231, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.then | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 139, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thus | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tool | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use, | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vary | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 47, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 20, 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CPU, | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(GCC, | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HLS), | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Intel | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.about | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.among | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.code. | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.codes | 68, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.e.g., | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hints | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.major | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.space | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 25, 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.there | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 15, 21, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.FPGA). | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.codes. | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.common | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field. | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first, | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.goals. | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.insert | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.means, | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.output | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.source | 13, 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suite, | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.syntax | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.target | 126, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Rodinia | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.address | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enables | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.finding | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generic | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overall | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.second, | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AI-based | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Bayesian | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addition | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach | 2, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compiler | 9, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.derived, | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extracts | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generate | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtained | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.platform | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.popular, | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possible | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.progress | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provides | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.replaces | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.standard | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traverse | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Learning, | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Moreover, | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Polybench | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compilers | 124, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.currently | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depending | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determine | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developer | 36, 89, 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expertise | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generally | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improving | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.required, | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supported | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.targeting | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.workloads | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.OpenDwarfs | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithms | 161, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.annotating | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.back-ends. | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benchmarks | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenges | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complexity | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extensible | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.facilitate | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performant | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practices. | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategies | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structured | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.annotation. | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.annotations | 22, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.application | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenges, | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparisons | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectively | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flexibility | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.information | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interesting | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance | 119, 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supplements | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unoptimized | 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.annotations, | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.annotations. | 16, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrates | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.easy-to-use, | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.open-source, | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimization | 5, 121, 160, 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance, | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.portability. | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AnnotationGym | 114, 141, 184, 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architectures | 127, 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.automatically | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Reinforcement | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AnnotationGym, | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Optimization), | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectiveness, | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hand-optimized | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infrastructure | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.representative | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substantially. | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.annotation-inserted | 67 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.95723312 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |