Apolipoprotein E Gene Variation in Pakistani Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes with and without Cardiovascular Complications Article Swipe
Shehwar Nadeem
,
Tahir Maqbool
,
Javed Anver Qureshi
,
Awais Altaf
,
Sadia Naz
,
Muzammal Mateen Azhar
,
Inam Ullah
,
Tawaf Ali Shah
,
Muhammad Usman Qamar
,
Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060961
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060961
Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern worldwide, including in Pakistan. Cardiovascular problems linked with T2DM have a significant impact on individuals and society. The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotypes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular complications such as ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. Methods: This study was carried out on 260 subjects divided into controls and diabetics. The diabetics were further divided into four subgroups such as D1: diabetics without cardiovascular issues, D2: diabetics with heart disease, D3: diabetics with stroke, and D4: diabetics with both heart disease and stroke. Anthropometric parameters (age, BMI) and risk factors (smoking, diabetes duration, hypertension) were assessed in all groups. Serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, HDL, VLDL, creatinine, BSF, and HbA1c were also measured. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism was determined using PCR-RFLP. Results: Hypertension, BMI, and dyslipidemia are defined as elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL, and decreased levels of HDL. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia (elevated fasting blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin) in T2DM was linked to vascular complications such as IHD and stroke. Hypertension was prevalent in 79.3% of the population. Stage 2 hypertension was more prevalent in all age groups. It was also noted that common genotypes in the Pakistani population are 3/3, 4/4, 2/3, and 3/4. The frequency of genotypes 3/4 and 2/3 is highest in diabetics with stroke. Genotype 3/3 is present frequently in diabetics with IHD/stroke and patients with both these complications. However, genotype 4/4 is most frequently found in diabetics with IHD. Conclusions: It is concluded that BMI, hypertension, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, and dyslipidemia are linked with cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism is associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes by affecting the lipid profile.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060961
- https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/6/961/pdf?version=1718014249
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 50
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4399488744
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4399488744Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060961Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Apolipoprotein E Gene Variation in Pakistani Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes with and without Cardiovascular ComplicationsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-06-10Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Shehwar Nadeem, Tahir Maqbool, Javed Anver Qureshi, Awais Altaf, Sadia Naz, Muzammal Mateen Azhar, Inam Ullah, Tawaf Ali Shah, Muhammad Usman Qamar, Ahmad Mohammad SalamatullahList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060961Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/6/961/pdf?version=1718014249Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/6/961/pdf?version=1718014249Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Medicine, Internal medicine, Dyslipidemia, Diabetes mellitus, Glycated hemoglobin, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Population, Stroke (engine), Endocrinology, Type 2 diabetes, Obesity, Lipid profile, Gastroenterology, Mechanical engineering, Engineering, Environmental healthTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
1Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2024: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
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50Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.in | 9, 35, 137, 194, 209, 220, 231, 250, 259, 276, 309 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 27, 55, 248, 256, 272, 282, 304 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 12, 52, 142, 173, 183, 211, 243, 296 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 46, 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 56, 198 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.260 | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3/3 | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3/4 | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4/4 | 271 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.D2: | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.D3: | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.D4: | 116 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.TC, | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.TG, | 144 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.age | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all | 138, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 48, 66, 75, 89, 115, 122, 128, 150, 166, 178, 180, 191, 204, 239, 246, 263, 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 168, 235, 291 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.the | 10, 58, 212, 232, 315 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.3/3, | 236 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.4/4, | 237 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.IHD. | 279 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.such | 69, 99, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 228, 284 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.type | 17, 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 93, 135, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 40, 108, 113, 118, 252, 261, 265, 278, 293, 306, 311 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.79.3% | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HbA1c | 151 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.heart | 72, 109, 120 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.study | 54, 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sugar | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.total | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 161 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.(ApoE) | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(T2DM) | 26 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.levels | 141, 172, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.linked | 39, 197, 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.public | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(T2DM). | 21 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.carried | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concern | 32 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.disease | 73, 121, 308 |
| abstract_inverted_index.divided | 86, 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fasting | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 94 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.issues, | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 257 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.without | 103 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.subjects | 85 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.concluded | 283 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.measured. | 154 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.prevalent | 208, 219 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.Background: | 0 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.hemoglobin) | 193 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.investigate | 57 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.dyslipidemia | 167, 290 |
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| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5101668748 |
| countries_distinct_count | 4 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 10 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I142204992 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8600000143051147 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.66018283 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |