Are Shadow Economy and Corruption in US States Substitutive or Complementary? An Empirical Investigation Article Swipe
Ömer Gökçekuş
,
Friedrich Schneider
·
YOU?
·
· 2020
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01
YOU?
·
· 2020
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01
An empirical investigation of the 50 US States shows that the relationship between shadow economy and corruption is negative (substitutive) when the shadow economy is relatively small; it is positive (complementary) when the shadow economy is large. According to the robust regression results for 50 American states between 2001 and 2008, the turning point from negative to positive is when the shadow economy of a state is at 7.61 of its GDP. Shadow economy and corruption are first substitutive and then complementary. The lesson to learn is that there is no simple anti-corruption policy rule if one takes into account the varying interaction between corruption and the shadow economy.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01
- https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1095941
- OA Status
- diamond
- Cited By
- 6
- References
- 25
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3084611624
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3084611624Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Are Shadow Economy and Corruption in US States Substitutive or Complementary? An Empirical InvestigationWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2020Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2020-09-11Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Ömer Gökçekuş, Friedrich SchneiderList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1095941Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
diamondOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1095941Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Shadow (psychology), Language change, Economics, Economy, State (computer science), Psychology, Algorithm, Art, Literature, Psychotherapist, Computer scienceTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
6Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1, 2024: 1, 2023: 3, 2021: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
25Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3084611624 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01 |
| ids.mag | 3084611624 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3084611624 |
| fwci | 0.98655532 |
| type | article |
| title | Are Shadow Economy and Corruption in US States Substitutive or Complementary? An Empirical Investigation |
| biblio.issue | 46 |
| biblio.volume | 28 |
| biblio.last_page | 23 |
| biblio.first_page | 11 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11257 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Economics, Econometrics and Finance |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2002 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Economics and Econometrics |
| topics[0].display_name | Taxation and Compliance Studies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11042 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].score | 0.9973999857902527 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3312 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Sociology and Political Science |
| topics[1].display_name | Corruption and Economic Development |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11770 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Economics, Econometrics and Finance |
| topics[2].score | 0.9945999979972839 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2002 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Economics and Econometrics |
| topics[2].display_name | Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C117797892 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.9223675727844238 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Shadow (psychology) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2780027415 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7698514461517334 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Language change |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C162324750 |
| concepts[2].level | 0 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6452008485794067 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Economics |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C136264566 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5602794289588928 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Economy |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C48103436 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4837934672832489 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031 |
| concepts[4].display_name | State (computer science) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C15744967 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.0673905611038208 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Psychology |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C11413529 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Algorithm |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C142362112 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Art |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C124952713 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Literature |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C542102704 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Psychotherapist |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow |
| keywords[0].score | 0.9223675727844238 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Shadow (psychology) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/language-change |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7698514461517334 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Language change |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/economics |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6452008485794067 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Economics |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/economy |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5602794289588928 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Economy |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/state |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4837934672832489 |
| keywords[4].display_name | State (computer science) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology |
| keywords[5].score | 0.0673905611038208 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Psychology |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210228924 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1305-5577 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1305-5577 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | False |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Sosyoekonomi |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1095941 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Sosyoekonomi |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:dergipark.org.tr:article/734912 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210228924 |
| locations[1].source.issn | 1305-5577 |
| locations[1].source.type | journal |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | 1305-5577 |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | Sosyoekonomi |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Sosyoekonomi |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosyoekonomi/issue/57521/734912 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5041541722 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8109-5918 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Ömer Gökçekuş |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I12524447 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Seton Hall University |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I12524447 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/007tn5k56 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I12524447 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Seton Hall University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Ömer GÖKÇEKUS |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Seton Hall University |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5036922474 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6742-5896 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Friedrich Schneider |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | University of Linz |
| authorships[1].author_position | last |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Friedrich SCHNEIDER |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | University of Linz |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1095941 |
| open_access.oa_status | diamond |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2020-09-21T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Are Shadow Economy and Corruption in US States Substitutive or Complementary? An Empirical Investigation |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11257 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Economics, Econometrics and Finance |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2002 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Economics and Econometrics |
| primary_topic.display_name | Taxation and Compliance Studies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2743922952, https://openalex.org/W2793566354, https://openalex.org/W3123220614, https://openalex.org/W3125560266, https://openalex.org/W4299552449, https://openalex.org/W2001659623, https://openalex.org/W4294169833, https://openalex.org/W2024817934, https://openalex.org/W2217934414, https://openalex.org/W2146399299 |
| cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 3 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210228924 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1305-5577 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1305-5577 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | False |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Sosyoekonomi |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1095941 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Sosyoekonomi |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210228924 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1305-5577 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1305-5577 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | False |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Sosyoekonomi |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1095941 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Sosyoekonomi |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.01 |
| publication_date | 2020-09-11 |
| publication_year | 2020 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W1577114345, https://openalex.org/W3125289846, https://openalex.org/W1550693638, https://openalex.org/W2491011495, https://openalex.org/W1966695920, https://openalex.org/W3122254355, https://openalex.org/W2001659623, https://openalex.org/W3123220614, https://openalex.org/W2123721885, https://openalex.org/W3124862953, https://openalex.org/W1521905678, https://openalex.org/W2003285818, https://openalex.org/W2557657927, https://openalex.org/W1992283503, https://openalex.org/W2060730171, https://openalex.org/W2254119687, https://openalex.org/W4237645003, https://openalex.org/W1991128340, https://openalex.org/W6721879197, https://openalex.org/W2599540092, https://openalex.org/W1986739052, https://openalex.org/W2107729441, https://openalex.org/W2114854852, https://openalex.org/W2142086958, https://openalex.org/W2094514178 |
| referenced_works_count | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.50 | 5, 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.An | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.US | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.if | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 17, 24, 28, 35, 58, 66, 86, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.no | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 3, 63, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 38, 56, 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 15, 49, 74, 79, 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 4, 10, 21, 32, 39, 51, 60, 100, 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2001 | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.7.61 | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.GDP. | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rule | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 9, 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.then | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 20, 31, 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2008, | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learn | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.point | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shows | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.takes | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.there | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Shadow | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.States | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large. | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lesson | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.policy | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.robust | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shadow | 13, 22, 33, 61, 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simple | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small; | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.states | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.account | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 12, 47, 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.economy | 14, 23, 34, 62, 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.turning | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.varying | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.American | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.economy. | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.negative | 18, 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positive | 29, 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.According | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.empirical | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.corruption | 16, 75, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regression | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relatively | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interaction | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relationship | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substitutive | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigation | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(substitutive) | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complementary. | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(complementary) | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anti-corruption | 92 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 2 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8299999833106995 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Peace, Justice and strong institutions |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.85428718 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |