Assessing Recharge Zones for Groundwater Potential in Dera Ismail Khan (Pakistan): A GIS-Based Analytical Hierarchy Process Approach Article Swipe
Anwaar Tabassum
,
Asif Sajjad
,
Ghayas Haider Sajid
,
Mahtab Ahmad
,
Mazhar Iqbal
,
Aqib Hassan Ali Khan
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w17111586
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w17111586
Groundwater constitutes the primary source of liquid freshwater on Earth and is essential for ecosystems, agriculture, and human consumption. However, rising demand, urbanization, and climate change have intensified groundwater depletion, particularly in semi-arid regions. Therefore, assessing groundwater recharge zones is essential for sustainable water resource management in vulnerable areas such as Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. This study aims to delineate groundwater potential zones (GWPZs), using an integrated approach combining the Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Twelve factors were identified in a study conducted using GIS-based AHP to determine the groundwater recharge zones in the region. These include land use/land cover (LULC), rainfall, drainage density, soil type, slope, road density, water table depth, and remote sensing indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Moisture Stress Index (MSI), Worldview Water Index (WVWI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST). The results show that 17.52% and 2.03% of the area have “good” and “very good” potential for groundwater recharge, respectively, while 48.63% of the area has “moderate” potential. Furthermore, gentle slopes (0–2.471°), high drainage density, shallow water depths (20–94 m), and densely vegetated areas (with a high NDVI) are considered important influencing factors for groundwater recharge. Conversely, areas with steep slopes, high temperatures, and dense built-up areas showed “poor” potential for recharge. This approach demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating advanced remote sensing indices with the AHP model in a semi-arid context, validated through high-accuracy field data (Kappa = 0.93). This methodology offers a cost-effective decision support tool for sustainable groundwater planning in similar environments.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/w17111586
- https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/11/1586/pdf?version=1748011539
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 5
- References
- 71
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4410630575
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4410630575Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.3390/w17111586Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Assessing Recharge Zones for Groundwater Potential in Dera Ismail Khan (Pakistan): A GIS-Based Analytical Hierarchy Process ApproachWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-05-23Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Anwaar Tabassum, Asif Sajjad, Ghayas Haider Sajid, Mahtab Ahmad, Mazhar Iqbal, Aqib Hassan Ali KhanList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.3390/w17111586Publisher landing page
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https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/11/1586/pdf?version=1748011539Direct link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/11/1586/pdf?version=1748011539Direct OA link when available
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Groundwater recharge, Analytic hierarchy process, Water resource management, Groundwater, Hydrology (agriculture), Environmental science, Geography, Aquifer, Geology, Mathematics, Operations research, Geotechnical engineeringTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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5Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 5Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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71Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/w17111586 |
| publication_date | 2025-05-23 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
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