Association between Diabetes and Anemia: Evidence from NHANES and the UK Biobank Article Swipe

PDF

Danyang Wang , Jedidiah I Morton , Agus Salim , Jonathan E. Shaw , Dianna J. Magliano ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1

Objective: To explore the association between diabetes and anemia. Research Design and Methods: We included 9,026 and 389,616 participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and the UK Biobank study (UKB), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the cross-sectional association of diabetes with anemia, as defined by hemoglobin measurement. For the UKB follow up, multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incident anemia, as defined by hemoglobin levels or diagnosis records, in relation to diabetes. We further assessed the impact of inflammation, renal dysfunction and medication use on this association in both populations.Results: Among white people aged 40─69 years from the US and UK, the adjusted odds of having anemia in participants with diagnosed diabetes was two-four times higher than in those with normal glycemia. Over a median follow up of 13.6 years in the UKB, 42,354 people developed anemia. The adjusted HRs for incident anemia comparing diagnosed diabetes with normal glycemia were 3.05 (95% CI: 2.90─3.21) for iron deficiency anemia, 3.02 (95% CI: 2.51─3.63) for anemia of chronic disease, and 4.88 (95% CI: 4.23─5.63) for B12 deficiency anemia. Further adjustment for inflammation, renal dysfunction and medication use, partially attenuated these associations but they remained strong and significant. Conclusions: Diabetes was observed to be associated with several major types of anemia. Further studies are warranted to identify the mechanisms.

Related Topics

Concepts

Biobank Diabetes mellitus Medicine Association (psychology) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Anemia Environmental health Internal medicine Psychology Endocrinology Bioinformatics Biology Population Psychotherapist

Metadata

Type: preprint
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1
PDF: https://diabetesjournals.figshare.com/articles/figure/Association_between_Diabetes_and_Anemia_Evidence_from_NHANES_and_the_UK_Biobank/28509227/1/files/52668086.pdf
OA Status: gold
Cited By: 1
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4408692432

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4408692432

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Association between Diabetes and Anemia: Evidence from NHANES and the UK Biobank

Work title
Type: preprint

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2025

Year of publication
Publication date: 2025-03-21

Full publication date if available
Authors: Danyang Wang, Jedidiah I Morton, Agus Salim, Jonathan E. Shaw, Dianna J. Magliano

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://diabetesjournals.figshare.com/articles/figure/Association_between_Diabetes_and_Anemia_Evidence_from_NHANES_and_the_UK_Biobank/28509227/1/files/52668086.pdf

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: gold

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://diabetesjournals.figshare.com/articles/figure/Association_between_Diabetes_and_Anemia_Evidence_from_NHANES_and_the_UK_Biobank/28509227/1/files/52668086.pdf

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Biobank, Diabetes mellitus, Medicine, Association (psychology), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Anemia, Environmental health, Internal medicine, Psychology, Endocrinology, Bioinformatics, Biology, Population, Psychotherapist

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 1

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2025: 1

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4408692432
doi	https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4408692432
fwci	3.54675192
type	preprint
title	Association between Diabetes and Anemia: Evidence from NHANES and the UK Biobank
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page
biblio.first_page
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T10515
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/13
topics[0].field.display_name	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
topics[0].score	0.7451000213623047
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/1
topics[0].domain.display_name	Life Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1306
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Cancer Research
topics[0].display_name	Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T10027
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/27
topics[1].field.display_name	Medicine
topics[1].score	0.7084000110626221
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[1].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2712
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
topics[1].display_name	Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T10394
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/27
topics[2].field.display_name	Medicine
topics[2].score	0.6442000269889832
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[2].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2746
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Surgery
topics[2].display_name	Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C116567970
concepts[0].level	2
concepts[0].score	0.9343904852867126
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864217
concepts[0].display_name	Biobank
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C555293320
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.6127827167510986
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206
concepts[1].display_name	Diabetes mellitus
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C71924100
concepts[2].level	0
concepts[2].score	0.578934371471405
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190
concepts[2].display_name	Medicine
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C142853389
concepts[3].level	2
concepts[3].score	0.5108997225761414
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778
concepts[3].display_name	Association (psychology)
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C2779874844
concepts[4].level	3
concepts[4].score	0.42969974875450134
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967281
concepts[4].display_name	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C2778248108
concepts[5].level	2
concepts[5].score	0.4178975224494934
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5445
concepts[5].display_name	Anemia
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C99454951
concepts[6].level	1
concepts[6].score	0.3337180018424988
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068
concepts[6].display_name	Environmental health
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C126322002
concepts[7].level	1
concepts[7].score	0.2183254361152649
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180
concepts[7].display_name	Internal medicine
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C15744967
concepts[8].level	0
concepts[8].score	0.15829819440841675
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418
concepts[8].display_name	Psychology
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C134018914
concepts[9].level	1
concepts[9].score	0.11264419555664062
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606
concepts[9].display_name	Endocrinology
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C60644358
concepts[10].level	1
concepts[10].score	0.10977369546890259
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570
concepts[10].display_name	Bioinformatics
concepts[11].id	https://openalex.org/C86803240
concepts[11].level	0
concepts[11].score	0.0997321605682373
concepts[11].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420
concepts[11].display_name	Biology
concepts[12].id	https://openalex.org/C2908647359
concepts[12].level	2
concepts[12].score	0.08360397815704346
concepts[12].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603
concepts[12].display_name	Population
concepts[13].id	https://openalex.org/C542102704
concepts[13].level	1
concepts[13].score	0.0
concepts[13].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257
concepts[13].display_name	Psychotherapist
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/biobank
keywords[0].score	0.9343904852867126
keywords[0].display_name	Biobank
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus
keywords[1].score	0.6127827167510986
keywords[1].display_name	Diabetes mellitus
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine
keywords[2].score	0.578934371471405
keywords[2].display_name	Medicine
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/association
keywords[3].score	0.5108997225761414
keywords[3].display_name	Association (psychology)
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/national-health-and-nutrition-examination-survey
keywords[4].score	0.42969974875450134
keywords[4].display_name	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/anemia
keywords[5].score	0.4178975224494934
keywords[5].display_name	Anemia
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health
keywords[6].score	0.3337180018424988
keywords[6].display_name	Environmental health
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine
keywords[7].score	0.2183254361152649
keywords[7].display_name	Internal medicine
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology
keywords[8].score	0.15829819440841675
keywords[8].display_name	Psychology
keywords[9].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology
keywords[9].score	0.11264419555664062
keywords[9].display_name	Endocrinology
keywords[10].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics
keywords[10].score	0.10977369546890259
keywords[10].display_name	Bioinformatics
keywords[11].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/biology
keywords[11].score	0.0997321605682373
keywords[11].display_name	Biology
keywords[12].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/population
keywords[12].score	0.08360397815704346
keywords[12].display_name	Population
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source
locations[0].license
locations[0].pdf_url	https://diabetesjournals.figshare.com/articles/figure/Association_between_Diabetes_and_Anemia_Evidence_from_NHANES_and_the_UK_Biobank/28509227/1/files/52668086.pdf
locations[0].version	acceptedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	posted-content
locations[0].license_id
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	False
locations[0].raw_source_name
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1
locations[1].id	pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/28509227
locations[1].is_oa	True
locations[1].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400572
locations[1].source.issn
locations[1].source.type	repository
locations[1].source.is_oa	False
locations[1].source.issn_l
locations[1].source.is_core	False
locations[1].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[1].source.display_name	OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University)
locations[1].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I196829312
locations[1].source.host_organization_name	La Trobe University
locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I196829312
locations[1].license	cc-by-nc-sa
locations[1].pdf_url
locations[1].version	submittedVersion
locations[1].raw_type	Figure
locations[1].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa
locations[1].is_accepted	False
locations[1].is_published	False
locations[1].raw_source_name
locations[1].landing_page_url
indexed_in	crossref
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5100632509
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2499-1972
authorships[0].author.display_name	Danyang Wang
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Danyang Wang
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5067070506
authorships[1].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3231-5758
authorships[1].author.display_name	Jedidiah I Morton
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Jedidiah I. Morton
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5006817516
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3999-7701
authorships[2].author.display_name	Agus Salim
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Agus Salim
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5024475260
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-2203
authorships[3].author.display_name	Jonathan E. Shaw
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Jonathan E. Shaw
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5108034142
authorships[4].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6026-5065
authorships[4].author.display_name	Dianna J. Magliano
authorships[4].author_position	last
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Dianna J. Magliano
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://diabetesjournals.figshare.com/articles/figure/Association_between_Diabetes_and_Anemia_Evidence_from_NHANES_and_the_UK_Biobank/28509227/1/files/52668086.pdf
open_access.oa_status	gold
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Association between Diabetes and Anemia: Evidence from NHANES and the UK Biobank
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T10515
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/13
primary_topic.field.display_name	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
primary_topic.score	0.7451000213623047
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/1
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Life Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1306
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Cancer Research
primary_topic.display_name	Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
related_works	https://openalex.org/W4285087457, https://openalex.org/W3113746618, https://openalex.org/W4226051228, https://openalex.org/W3017691140, https://openalex.org/W4384208482, https://openalex.org/W4244742767, https://openalex.org/W2470939431, https://openalex.org/W2024651825, https://openalex.org/W4401623684, https://openalex.org/W4395677717
cited_by_count	1
counts_by_year[0].year	2025
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	1
locations_count	2
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source
best_oa_location.license
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://diabetesjournals.figshare.com/articles/figure/Association_between_Diabetes_and_Anemia_Evidence_from_NHANES_and_the_UK_Biobank/28509227/1/files/52668086.pdf
best_oa_location.version	acceptedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	posted-content
best_oa_location.license_id
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	False
best_oa_location.raw_source_name
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1
primary_location.id	doi:10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source
primary_location.license
primary_location.pdf_url	https://diabetesjournals.figshare.com/articles/figure/Association_between_Diabetes_and_Anemia_Evidence_from_NHANES_and_the_UK_Biobank/28509227/1/files/52668086.pdf
primary_location.version	acceptedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	posted-content
primary_location.license_id
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	False
primary_location.raw_source_name
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.28509227.v1
publication_date	2025-03-21
publication_year	2025
referenced_works_count	0
abstract_inverted_index.a	146
abstract_inverted_index.To	2
abstract_inverted_index.UK	33
abstract_inverted_index.US	23, 121
abstract_inverted_index.We	15, 94
abstract_inverted_index.as	52, 82
abstract_inverted_index.be	224
abstract_inverted_index.by	54, 84
abstract_inverted_index.in	90, 109, 130, 140, 153
abstract_inverted_index.of	48, 79, 99, 127, 150, 187, 230
abstract_inverted_index.on	106
abstract_inverted_index.or	87
abstract_inverted_index.to	43, 69, 92, 223, 236
abstract_inverted_index.up	149
abstract_inverted_index.95%	75
abstract_inverted_index.B12	196
abstract_inverted_index.CI:	175, 183, 193
abstract_inverted_index.Cox	63
abstract_inverted_index.For	57
abstract_inverted_index.HRs	162
abstract_inverted_index.The	160
abstract_inverted_index.UK,	123
abstract_inverted_index.UKB	59
abstract_inverted_index.and	8, 13, 18, 26, 31, 74, 103, 122, 190, 205, 216
abstract_inverted_index.are	234
abstract_inverted_index.but	212
abstract_inverted_index.for	163, 177, 185, 195, 201
abstract_inverted_index.the	4, 22, 32, 45, 58, 97, 120, 124, 154, 238
abstract_inverted_index.up,	61
abstract_inverted_index.use	105
abstract_inverted_index.was	41, 67, 135, 221
abstract_inverted_index.(95%	174, 182, 192
abstract_inverted_index.13.6	151
abstract_inverted_index.3.02	181
abstract_inverted_index.3.05	173
abstract_inverted_index.4.88	191
abstract_inverted_index.Over	145
abstract_inverted_index.UKB,	155
abstract_inverted_index.aged	116
abstract_inverted_index.both	110
abstract_inverted_index.from	21, 119
abstract_inverted_index.iron	178
abstract_inverted_index.odds	126
abstract_inverted_index.than	139
abstract_inverted_index.they	213
abstract_inverted_index.this	107
abstract_inverted_index.use,	207
abstract_inverted_index.used	42
abstract_inverted_index.were	172
abstract_inverted_index.with	50, 132, 142, 169, 226
abstract_inverted_index.<p	0
abstract_inverted_index.(CIs)	78
abstract_inverted_index.(HRs)	73
abstract_inverted_index.9,026	17
abstract_inverted_index.Among	113
abstract_inverted_index.major	228
abstract_inverted_index.renal	101, 203
abstract_inverted_index.study	35
abstract_inverted_index.these	210
abstract_inverted_index.those	141
abstract_inverted_index.times	137
abstract_inverted_index.types	229
abstract_inverted_index.white	114
abstract_inverted_index.years	118, 152
abstract_inverted_index.(UKB),	36
abstract_inverted_index.42,354	156
abstract_inverted_index.Design	12
abstract_inverted_index.Health	25
abstract_inverted_index.anemia	129, 165, 186
abstract_inverted_index.follow	60, 148
abstract_inverted_index.having	128
abstract_inverted_index.hazard	71
abstract_inverted_index.higher	138
abstract_inverted_index.impact	98
abstract_inverted_index.levels	86
abstract_inverted_index.median	147
abstract_inverted_index.normal	143, 170
abstract_inverted_index.people	115, 157
abstract_inverted_index.ratios	72
abstract_inverted_index.strong	215
abstract_inverted_index.389,616	19
abstract_inverted_index.40─69	117
abstract_inverted_index.Biobank	34
abstract_inverted_index.Further	199, 232
abstract_inverted_index.Surveys	29
abstract_inverted_index.anemia,	51, 81, 180
abstract_inverted_index.anemia.	9, 159, 198, 231
abstract_inverted_index.between	6
abstract_inverted_index.chronic	188
abstract_inverted_index.defined	53, 83
abstract_inverted_index.examine	44
abstract_inverted_index.explore	3
abstract_inverted_index.further	95
abstract_inverted_index.hazards	65
abstract_inverted_index.several	227
abstract_inverted_index.studies	233
abstract_inverted_index.(NHANES)	30
abstract_inverted_index.Diabetes	220
abstract_inverted_index.Methods:	14
abstract_inverted_index.National	24
abstract_inverted_index.adjusted	125, 161
abstract_inverted_index.assessed	96
abstract_inverted_index.diabetes	7, 49, 134, 168
abstract_inverted_index.disease,	189
abstract_inverted_index.estimate	70
abstract_inverted_index.glycemia	171
abstract_inverted_index.identify	237
abstract_inverted_index.incident	80, 164
abstract_inverted_index.included	16
abstract_inverted_index.logistic	39
abstract_inverted_index.observed	222
abstract_inverted_index.records,	89
abstract_inverted_index.relation	91
abstract_inverted_index.remained	214
abstract_inverted_index.two-four	136
abstract_inverted_index.Nutrition	27
abstract_inverted_index.comparing	166
abstract_inverted_index.developed	158
abstract_inverted_index.diabetes.	93
abstract_inverted_index.diagnosed	133, 167
abstract_inverted_index.diagnosis	88
abstract_inverted_index.glycemia.	144
abstract_inverted_index.intervals	77
abstract_inverted_index.partially	208
abstract_inverted_index.performed	68
abstract_inverted_index.warranted	235
abstract_inverted_index.</p>	240
abstract_inverted_index.adjustment	200
abstract_inverted_index.associated	225
abstract_inverted_index.attenuated	209
abstract_inverted_index.confidence	76
abstract_inverted_index.deficiency	179, 197
abstract_inverted_index.hemoglobin	55, 85
abstract_inverted_index.medication	104, 206
abstract_inverted_index.regression	40, 66
abstract_inverted_index.Examination	28
abstract_inverted_index.association	5, 47, 108
abstract_inverted_index.dysfunction	102, 204
abstract_inverted_index.mechanisms.	239
abstract_inverted_index.2.51─3.63)	184
abstract_inverted_index.2.90─3.21)	176
abstract_inverted_index.4.23─5.63)	194
abstract_inverted_index.associations	211
abstract_inverted_index.measurement.	56
abstract_inverted_index.participants	20, 131
abstract_inverted_index.proportional	64
abstract_inverted_index.significant.	217
abstract_inverted_index.Multivariable	38
abstract_inverted_index.inflammation,	100, 202
abstract_inverted_index.multivariable	62
abstract_inverted_index.respectively.	37
abstract_inverted_index.</p><p	10, 218
abstract_inverted_index.cross-sectional	46
abstract_inverted_index.dir="ltr">Research	11
abstract_inverted_index.dir="ltr">Results:	112
abstract_inverted_index.dir="ltr">Objective:	1
abstract_inverted_index.dir="ltr">Conclusions:	219
abstract_inverted_index.populations.</p><p	111
cited_by_percentile_year.max	95
cited_by_percentile_year.min	91
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	5
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.80057405
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	True