Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder associated gene variants and their impact on neuroanatomy Article Swipe

PDF

Zayed M. Alnefaie , Ahmed K. Almutairi , Nawaf M Alharbi , Faris M. Almohammadi , Ayad K. Almetairi , Abdulmalik H. Hakeem , Basil F. Aljohani , Obai M. Raffah ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by complex genetic and neurobiological underpinnings, with heritability estimates suggesting that genetic factors account for up to 75% of the risk. Neuroimaging studies have consistently demonstrated structural and functional alterations in brain regions such as the frontal cortex, striatum, and cingulate areas among affected individuals. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), molecular genetic analyses, and neuroimaging research published between 2005 and 2023 to elucidate the associations between ADHD-related genetic variants and neuroanatomical or functional brain changes. Key genes implicated include DRD4, SLC6A3, COMT, CDH13, and ADGRL3, whose polymorphisms—such as the DRD4 7-repeat allele, SLC6A3 9R/10R variants, and COMT Val158Met—have been linked to altered dopaminergic signaling, reduced gray matter volume, cortical thinning, and disrupted connectivity in fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal networks. Subtype-specific neuroimaging findings further reveal that individuals with the combined subtype exhibit decreased pallidum volume and cingulate cortical thinning, whereas those with the Inattentive subtype demonstrate occipital thinning and insular abnormalities. Collectively, these findings reinforce that ADHD is a polygenic disorder with distinct neuroanatomical correlates underlying its phenotypic heterogeneity and variable treatment responses. Despite progress, inconsistencies in methodology, small effect sizes, and limited population diversity constrain current insights, underscoring the need for longitudinal, multimodal research to refine genotype–phenotype mapping and support precision medicine approaches in ADHD.

Related Topics

Major Depressive Disorder

Genetic Variation

Neuropsychology

Concepts

Neuroimaging Neuroanatomy Neuroscience Brain morphometry Population Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Genetic association Brain size Psychology Phenotype Dopaminergic Imaging genetics Biology Endophenotype Functional neuroimaging Heritability Genetic heterogeneity Neurodevelopmental disorder Narrative review Brain mapping Genetics Medicine Candidate gene Brain Structure and Function Neurology Major depressive disorder Functional imaging Genetic variation Neuropsychology Gene

Metadata

Type: article
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756
PDF: https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/download/14892/8842
OA Status: diamond
References: 29
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W7105877538

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W7105877538

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder associated gene variants and their impact on neuroanatomy

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Publication year: 2025

Year of publication
Publication date: 2025-11-17

Full publication date if available
Authors: Zayed M. Alnefaie, Ahmed K. Almutairi, Nawaf M Alharbi, Faris M. Almohammadi, Ayad K. Almetairi, Abdulmalik H. Hakeem, Basil F. Aljohani, Obai M. Raffah

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/download/14892/8842

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: diamond

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/download/14892/8842

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Neuroimaging, Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience, Brain morphometry, Population, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Genetic association, Brain size, Psychology, Phenotype, Dopaminergic, Imaging genetics, Biology, Endophenotype, Functional neuroimaging, Heritability, Genetic heterogeneity, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Narrative review, Brain mapping, Genetics, Medicine, Candidate gene, Brain Structure and Function, Neurology, Major depressive disorder, Functional imaging, Genetic variation, Neuropsychology, Gene

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 0

Total citation count in OpenAlex
References (count): 29

Number of works referenced by this work

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W7105877538
doi	https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W7105877538
fwci	0.0
type	article
title	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder associated gene variants and their impact on neuroanatomy
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page
biblio.first_page
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T10537
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/27
topics[0].field.display_name	Medicine
topics[0].score	0.9701787829399109
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[0].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2738
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Psychiatry and Mental health
topics[0].display_name	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T10241
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/28
topics[1].field.display_name	Neuroscience
topics[1].score	0.016895046457648277
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/1
topics[1].domain.display_name	Life Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2805
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Cognitive Neuroscience
topics[1].display_name	Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T10106
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/28
topics[2].field.display_name	Neuroscience
topics[2].score	0.0016267116880044341
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/1
topics[2].domain.display_name	Life Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2805
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Cognitive Neuroscience
topics[2].display_name	Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C58693492
concepts[0].level	2
concepts[0].score	0.8366332650184631
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875
concepts[0].display_name	Neuroimaging
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C103378370
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.6348015666007996
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q948647
concepts[1].display_name	Neuroanatomy
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C169760540
concepts[2].level	1
concepts[2].score	0.5859198570251465
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011
concepts[2].display_name	Neuroscience
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C145940234
concepts[3].level	3
concepts[3].score	0.4730355441570282
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955830
concepts[3].display_name	Brain morphometry
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C2908647359
concepts[4].level	2
concepts[4].score	0.43917277455329895
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603
concepts[4].display_name	Population
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C2780783007
concepts[5].level	2
concepts[5].score	0.4391597509384155
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181923
concepts[5].display_name	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C186413461
concepts[6].level	5
concepts[6].score	0.41889944672584534
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744727
concepts[6].display_name	Genetic association
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C65835030
concepts[7].level	3
concepts[7].score	0.41712039709091187
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030681
concepts[7].display_name	Brain size
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C15744967
concepts[8].level	0
concepts[8].score	0.4105254113674164
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418
concepts[8].display_name	Psychology
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C127716648
concepts[9].level	3
concepts[9].score	0.4096611440181732
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053
concepts[9].display_name	Phenotype
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C137183658
concepts[10].level	3
concepts[10].score	0.404527872800827
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461076
concepts[10].display_name	Dopaminergic
concepts[11].id	https://openalex.org/C18183760
concepts[11].level	3
concepts[11].score	0.40425509214401245
concepts[11].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002833
concepts[11].display_name	Imaging genetics
concepts[12].id	https://openalex.org/C86803240
concepts[12].level	0
concepts[12].score	0.36105239391326904
concepts[12].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420
concepts[12].display_name	Biology
concepts[13].id	https://openalex.org/C187869287
concepts[13].level	3
concepts[13].score	0.35321637988090515
concepts[13].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032061
concepts[13].display_name	Endophenotype
concepts[14].id	https://openalex.org/C52338299
concepts[14].level	3
concepts[14].score	0.35219860076904297
concepts[14].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1004354
concepts[14].display_name	Functional neuroimaging
concepts[15].id	https://openalex.org/C161890455
concepts[15].level	2
concepts[15].score	0.34879636764526367
concepts[15].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503548
concepts[15].display_name	Heritability
concepts[16].id	https://openalex.org/C64618202
concepts[16].level	4
concepts[16].score	0.34470513463020325
concepts[16].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3733697
concepts[16].display_name	Genetic heterogeneity
concepts[17].id	https://openalex.org/C2779388368
concepts[17].level	3
concepts[17].score	0.3414868712425232
concepts[17].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3450985
concepts[17].display_name	Neurodevelopmental disorder
concepts[18].id	https://openalex.org/C3020000205
concepts[18].level	2
concepts[18].score	0.3326836824417114
concepts[18].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849
concepts[18].display_name	Narrative review
concepts[19].id	https://openalex.org/C50231774
concepts[19].level	2
concepts[19].score	0.30744805932044983
concepts[19].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842
concepts[19].display_name	Brain mapping
concepts[20].id	https://openalex.org/C54355233
concepts[20].level	1
concepts[20].score	0.2943080961704254
concepts[20].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162
concepts[20].display_name	Genetics
concepts[21].id	https://openalex.org/C71924100
concepts[21].level	0
concepts[21].score	0.2934156656265259
concepts[21].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190
concepts[21].display_name	Medicine
concepts[22].id	https://openalex.org/C69991583
concepts[22].level	3
concepts[22].score	0.29205068945884705
concepts[22].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423575
concepts[22].display_name	Candidate gene
concepts[23].id	https://openalex.org/C2779632907
concepts[23].level	3
concepts[23].score	0.27919694781303406
concepts[23].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13444883
concepts[23].display_name	Brain Structure and Function
concepts[24].id	https://openalex.org/C16568411
concepts[24].level	2
concepts[24].score	0.26749396324157715
concepts[24].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042
concepts[24].display_name	Neurology
concepts[25].id	https://openalex.org/C2780051608
concepts[25].level	3
concepts[25].score	0.266897588968277
concepts[25].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42844
concepts[25].display_name	Major depressive disorder
concepts[26].id	https://openalex.org/C182752723
concepts[26].level	2
concepts[26].score	0.2645445168018341
concepts[26].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474590
concepts[26].display_name	Functional imaging
concepts[27].id	https://openalex.org/C68873052
concepts[27].level	3
concepts[27].score	0.2619034945964813
concepts[27].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856
concepts[27].display_name	Genetic variation
concepts[28].id	https://openalex.org/C14216870
concepts[28].level	3
concepts[28].score	0.2596210241317749
concepts[28].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872
concepts[28].display_name	Neuropsychology
concepts[29].id	https://openalex.org/C104317684
concepts[29].level	2
concepts[29].score	0.2517392039299011
concepts[29].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187
concepts[29].display_name	Gene
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging
keywords[0].score	0.8366332650184631
keywords[0].display_name	Neuroimaging
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroanatomy
keywords[1].score	0.6348015666007996
keywords[1].display_name	Neuroanatomy
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-morphometry
keywords[2].score	0.4730355441570282
keywords[2].display_name	Brain morphometry
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/population
keywords[3].score	0.43917277455329895
keywords[3].display_name	Population
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder
keywords[4].score	0.4391597509384155
keywords[4].display_name	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-association
keywords[5].score	0.41889944672584534
keywords[5].display_name	Genetic association
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-size
keywords[6].score	0.41712039709091187
keywords[6].display_name	Brain size
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/phenotype
keywords[7].score	0.4096611440181732
keywords[7].display_name	Phenotype
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/dopaminergic
keywords[8].score	0.404527872800827
keywords[8].display_name	Dopaminergic
language
locations[0].id	doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S2764876480
locations[0].source.issn	2394-6032, 2394-6040
locations[0].source.type	journal
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l	2394-6032
locations[0].source.is_core	False
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[0].source.display_name	International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
locations[0].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4322697004
locations[0].source.host_organization_name	Medip Academy
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4322697004
locations[0].license
locations[0].pdf_url	https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/download/14892/8842
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	journal-article
locations[0].license_id
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name	International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756
indexed_in	crossref
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5098731322
authorships[0].author.orcid
authorships[0].author.display_name	Zayed M. Alnefaie
authorships[0].countries	SA
authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I3133331820
authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	College of Medicine, Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[0].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I3133331820
authorships[0].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/https://ror.org/0565s2t44
authorships[0].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I3133331820
authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code	SA
authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name	Al-Ghad International Health Sciences Colleges
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Zayed M. Alnefaie
authorships[0].is_corresponding	True
authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings	College of Medicine, Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[1].author.id
authorships[1].author.orcid
authorships[1].author.display_name	Ahmed K. Almutairi
authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Ahmed K. Almutairi
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A4307198449
authorships[2].author.orcid
authorships[2].author.display_name	Nawaf M Alharbi
authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Nawaf M. Alharbi
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[3].author.id
authorships[3].author.orcid
authorships[3].author.display_name	Faris M. Almohammadi
authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Faris M. Almohammadi
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[4].author.id
authorships[4].author.orcid
authorships[4].author.display_name	Ayad K. Almetairi
authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Ayad K. Almetairi
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[5].author.id
authorships[5].author.orcid
authorships[5].author.display_name	Abdulmalik H. Hakeem
authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[5].author_position	middle
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Abdulmalik H. Hakeem
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[6].author.id
authorships[6].author.orcid
authorships[6].author.display_name	Basil F. Aljohani
authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[6].author_position	middle
authorships[6].raw_author_name	Basil F. Aljohani
authorships[6].is_corresponding	False
authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[7].author.id
authorships[7].author.orcid
authorships[7].author.display_name	Obai M. Raffah
authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
authorships[7].author_position	last
authorships[7].raw_author_name	Obai M. Raffah
authorships[7].is_corresponding	False
authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings	Al-Rayan Colleges, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/download/14892/8842
open_access.oa_status	diamond
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-11-18T00:00:00
display_name	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder associated gene variants and their impact on neuroanatomy
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-18T23:46:17.205004
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T10537
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/27
primary_topic.field.display_name	Medicine
primary_topic.score	0.9701787829399109
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Health Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2738
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Psychiatry and Mental health
primary_topic.display_name	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
cited_by_count	0
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S2764876480
best_oa_location.source.issn	2394-6032, 2394-6040
best_oa_location.source.type	journal
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l	2394-6032
best_oa_location.source.is_core	False
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4322697004
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	Medip Academy
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4322697004
best_oa_location.license
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/download/14892/8842
best_oa_location.version	publishedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	journal-article
best_oa_location.license_id
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	True
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756
primary_location.id	doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S2764876480
primary_location.source.issn	2394-6032, 2394-6040
primary_location.source.type	journal
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l	2394-6032
primary_location.source.is_core	False
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
primary_location.source.display_name	International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
primary_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4322697004
primary_location.source.host_organization_name	Medip Academy
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4322697004
primary_location.license
primary_location.pdf_url	https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/download/14892/8842
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	journal-article
primary_location.license_id
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name	International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20253756
publication_date	2025-11-17
publication_year	2025
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W2143445712, https://openalex.org/W2586115157, https://openalex.org/W4366549485, https://openalex.org/W3036949298, https://openalex.org/W2794829772, https://openalex.org/W2808011097, https://openalex.org/W2802815532, https://openalex.org/W2725988230, https://openalex.org/W3124250451, https://openalex.org/W4296843460, https://openalex.org/W3170081252, https://openalex.org/W2168722817, https://openalex.org/W2026395566, https://openalex.org/W2011083427, https://openalex.org/W2159307594, https://openalex.org/W4200263070, https://openalex.org/W3198423941, https://openalex.org/W4297037066, https://openalex.org/W2484836741, https://openalex.org/W2035568761, https://openalex.org/W2156651955, https://openalex.org/W2135329307, https://openalex.org/W2137884776, https://openalex.org/W3193453200, https://openalex.org/W2942374094, https://openalex.org/W2339601202, https://openalex.org/W2915428382, https://openalex.org/W3194126002, https://openalex.org/W2409362600
referenced_works_count	29
abstract_inverted_index.a	4, 170
abstract_inverted_index.as	43, 101
abstract_inverted_index.by	9
abstract_inverted_index.in	39, 127, 188, 216
abstract_inverted_index.is	3, 169
abstract_inverted_index.of	27
abstract_inverted_index.or	85
abstract_inverted_index.to	25, 75, 114, 207
abstract_inverted_index.up	24
abstract_inverted_index.75%	26
abstract_inverted_index.Key	89
abstract_inverted_index.and	12, 36, 48, 67, 73, 83, 97, 109, 124, 129, 147, 160, 181, 193, 211
abstract_inverted_index.for	23, 203
abstract_inverted_index.its	178
abstract_inverted_index.the	28, 44, 77, 102, 140, 154, 201
abstract_inverted_index.2005	72
abstract_inverted_index.2023	74
abstract_inverted_index.ADHD	168
abstract_inverted_index.COMT	110
abstract_inverted_index.DRD4	103
abstract_inverted_index.This	54
abstract_inverted_index.been	112
abstract_inverted_index.from	59
abstract_inverted_index.gray	119
abstract_inverted_index.have	32
abstract_inverted_index.need	202
abstract_inverted_index.such	42
abstract_inverted_index.that	19, 137, 167
abstract_inverted_index.with	15, 139, 153, 173
abstract_inverted_index.ADHD.	217
abstract_inverted_index.COMT,	95
abstract_inverted_index.DRD4,	93
abstract_inverted_index.among	51
abstract_inverted_index.areas	50
abstract_inverted_index.brain	40, 87
abstract_inverted_index.genes	90
abstract_inverted_index.risk.	29
abstract_inverted_index.small	190
abstract_inverted_index.these	164
abstract_inverted_index.those	152
abstract_inverted_index.whose	99
abstract_inverted_index.(ADHD)	2
abstract_inverted_index.9R/10R	107
abstract_inverted_index.CDH13,	96
abstract_inverted_index.SLC6A3	106
abstract_inverted_index.effect	191
abstract_inverted_index.linked	113
abstract_inverted_index.matter	120
abstract_inverted_index.refine	208
abstract_inverted_index.reveal	136
abstract_inverted_index.review	56
abstract_inverted_index.sizes,	192
abstract_inverted_index.volume	146
abstract_inverted_index.(GWAS),	63
abstract_inverted_index.ADGRL3,	98
abstract_inverted_index.Despite	185
abstract_inverted_index.SLC6A3,	94
abstract_inverted_index.account	22
abstract_inverted_index.allele,	105
abstract_inverted_index.altered	115
abstract_inverted_index.between	71, 79
abstract_inverted_index.complex	10
abstract_inverted_index.cortex,	46
abstract_inverted_index.current	198
abstract_inverted_index.exhibit	143
abstract_inverted_index.factors	21
abstract_inverted_index.frontal	45
abstract_inverted_index.further	135
abstract_inverted_index.genetic	11, 20, 65, 81
abstract_inverted_index.include	92
abstract_inverted_index.insular	161
abstract_inverted_index.limited	194
abstract_inverted_index.mapping	210
abstract_inverted_index.reduced	118
abstract_inverted_index.regions	41
abstract_inverted_index.studies	31, 62
abstract_inverted_index.subtype	142, 156
abstract_inverted_index.support	212
abstract_inverted_index.volume,	121
abstract_inverted_index.whereas	151
abstract_inverted_index.7-repeat	104
abstract_inverted_index.affected	52
abstract_inverted_index.changes.	88
abstract_inverted_index.combined	141
abstract_inverted_index.cortical	122, 149
abstract_inverted_index.disorder	1, 7, 172
abstract_inverted_index.distinct	174
abstract_inverted_index.evidence	58
abstract_inverted_index.findings	134, 165
abstract_inverted_index.medicine	214
abstract_inverted_index.pallidum	145
abstract_inverted_index.research	69, 206
abstract_inverted_index.thinning	159
abstract_inverted_index.variable	182
abstract_inverted_index.variants	82
abstract_inverted_index.analyses,	66
abstract_inverted_index.cingulate	49, 148
abstract_inverted_index.constrain	197
abstract_inverted_index.decreased	144
abstract_inverted_index.disrupted	125
abstract_inverted_index.diversity	196
abstract_inverted_index.elucidate	76
abstract_inverted_index.estimates	17
abstract_inverted_index.insights,	199
abstract_inverted_index.molecular	64
abstract_inverted_index.narrative	55
abstract_inverted_index.networks.	131
abstract_inverted_index.occipital	158
abstract_inverted_index.polygenic	171
abstract_inverted_index.precision	213
abstract_inverted_index.prevalent	5
abstract_inverted_index.progress,	186
abstract_inverted_index.published	70
abstract_inverted_index.reinforce	166
abstract_inverted_index.striatum,	47
abstract_inverted_index.thinning,	123, 150
abstract_inverted_index.treatment	183
abstract_inverted_index.variants,	108
abstract_inverted_index.approaches	215
abstract_inverted_index.correlates	176
abstract_inverted_index.functional	37, 86
abstract_inverted_index.implicated	91
abstract_inverted_index.multimodal	205
abstract_inverted_index.phenotypic	179
abstract_inverted_index.population	195
abstract_inverted_index.responses.	184
abstract_inverted_index.signaling,	117
abstract_inverted_index.structural	35
abstract_inverted_index.suggesting	18
abstract_inverted_index.underlying	177
abstract_inverted_index.Inattentive	155
abstract_inverted_index.alterations	38
abstract_inverted_index.association	61
abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate	157
abstract_inverted_index.genome-wide	60
abstract_inverted_index.individuals	138
abstract_inverted_index.synthesizes	57
abstract_inverted_index.ADHD-related	80
abstract_inverted_index.Neuroimaging	30
abstract_inverted_index.associations	78
abstract_inverted_index.connectivity	126
abstract_inverted_index.consistently	33
abstract_inverted_index.demonstrated	34
abstract_inverted_index.dopaminergic	116
abstract_inverted_index.heritability	16
abstract_inverted_index.individuals.	53
abstract_inverted_index.methodology,	189
abstract_inverted_index.neuroimaging	68, 133
abstract_inverted_index.underscoring	200
abstract_inverted_index.Collectively,	163
abstract_inverted_index.characterized	8
abstract_inverted_index.heterogeneity	180
abstract_inverted_index.longitudinal,	204
abstract_inverted_index.abnormalities.	162
abstract_inverted_index.underpinnings,	14
abstract_inverted_index.fronto-parietal	130
abstract_inverted_index.fronto-striatal	128
abstract_inverted_index.inconsistencies	187
abstract_inverted_index.neuroanatomical	84, 175
abstract_inverted_index.neurobiological	13
abstract_inverted_index.Subtype-specific	132
abstract_inverted_index.Val158Met—have	111
abstract_inverted_index.neurodevelopmental	6
abstract_inverted_index.genotype–phenotype	209
abstract_inverted_index.polymorphisms—such	100
abstract_inverted_index.Attention-deficit/hyperactivity	0
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	1
institutions_distinct_count	8
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.80631036
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False