Automating Website Registration for Studying GDPR Compliance Article Swipe

View

Karel Kubíček , Jakob Merane , Ahmed Bouhoula , David Basin ·

YOU? · · 2024 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645709

660k websites from Tranco 1M 25.7% found registration form 23.6% errors 50.7% no form 5.2% of forms are insecure 22.8% of forms submitted successfully 33.9k websites send us emails 12 605 (37.2%) potentially non-compliant senders Automated crawl Automated registration ML-based violation detetectionFigure 1: Overview of steps of our study and results.

Related Topics

Computer Science

Social Psychology

Concepts

Compliance (psychology) Computer science Psychology Social psychology

Metadata

Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645709
OA Status: green
Cited By: 1
References: 27
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4396758672

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4396758672

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645709

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Automating Website Registration for Studying GDPR Compliance

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2024

Year of publication
Publication date: 2024-05-08

Full publication date if available
Authors: Karel Kubíček, Jakob Merane, Ahmed Bouhoula, David Basin

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645709

Publisher landing page
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: green

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/674024

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Compliance (psychology), Computer science, Psychology, Social psychology

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 1

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2025: 1

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
References (count): 27

Number of works referenced by this work
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4396758672
doi	https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645709
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645709
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4396758672
fwci	2.09598175
type	article
title	Automating Website Registration for Studying GDPR Compliance
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page	1306
biblio.first_page	1295
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T11045
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/33
topics[0].field.display_name	Social Sciences
topics[0].score	0.996999979019165
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/2
topics[0].domain.display_name	Social Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3312
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Sociology and Political Science
topics[0].display_name	Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T10764
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[1].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[1].score	0.9944999814033508
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[1].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1702
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Artificial Intelligence
topics[1].display_name	Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T12034
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[2].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[2].score	0.9732999801635742
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[2].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1710
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Information Systems
topics[2].display_name	Digital and Cyber Forensics
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C2781460075
concepts[0].level	2
concepts[0].score	0.6529706716537476
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332
concepts[0].display_name	Compliance (psychology)
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C41008148
concepts[1].level	0
concepts[1].score	0.573118269443512
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198
concepts[1].display_name	Computer science
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C15744967
concepts[2].level	0
concepts[2].score	0.07664716243743896
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418
concepts[2].display_name	Psychology
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C77805123
concepts[3].level	1
concepts[3].score	0.0
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272
concepts[3].display_name	Social psychology
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance
keywords[0].score	0.6529706716537476
keywords[0].display_name	Compliance (psychology)
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science
keywords[1].score	0.573118269443512
keywords[1].display_name	Computer science
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology
keywords[2].score	0.07664716243743896
keywords[2].display_name	Psychology
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.1145/3589334.3645709
locations[0].is_oa	False
locations[0].source
locations[0].license
locations[0].pdf_url
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	proceedings-article
locations[0].license_id
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name	Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645709
locations[1].id	pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/674024
locations[1].is_oa	True
locations[1].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306402302
locations[1].source.issn
locations[1].source.type	repository
locations[1].source.is_oa	False
locations[1].source.issn_l
locations[1].source.is_core	False
locations[1].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[1].source.display_name	Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)
locations[1].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I35440088
locations[1].source.host_organization_name	ETH Zurich
locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I35440088
locations[1].license	other-oa
locations[1].pdf_url
locations[1].version	acceptedVersion
locations[1].raw_type	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
locations[1].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa
locations[1].is_accepted	True
locations[1].is_published	False
locations[1].raw_source_name	WWW '24: Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024
locations[1].landing_page_url	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/674024
locations[2].id	doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000674024
locations[2].is_oa	True
locations[2].source.id	https://openalex.org/S7407051236
locations[2].source.type	repository
locations[2].source.is_oa	False
locations[2].source.issn_l
locations[2].source.is_core	False
locations[2].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[2].source.display_name	ETH Zürich Research Collection
locations[2].source.host_organization
locations[2].source.host_organization_name
locations[2].license
locations[2].pdf_url
locations[2].version
locations[2].raw_type	article-journal
locations[2].license_id
locations[2].is_accepted	False
locations[2].is_published
locations[2].raw_source_name
locations[2].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000674024
indexed_in	crossref, datacite
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5102989278
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-2784
authorships[0].author.display_name	Karel Kubíček
authorships[0].countries	CH
authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
authorships[0].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[0].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/05a28rw58
authorships[0].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I2799323385, https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code	CH
authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name	ETH Zurich
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Karel Kubicek
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings	ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5092893130
authorships[1].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5841-7091
authorships[1].author.display_name	Jakob Merane
authorships[1].countries	CH
authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
authorships[1].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[1].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/05a28rw58
authorships[1].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I2799323385, https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code	CH
authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name	ETH Zurich
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Jakob Merane
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings	ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5096972545
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-4568
authorships[2].author.display_name	Ahmed Bouhoula
authorships[2].countries	CH
authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
authorships[2].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[2].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/05a28rw58
authorships[2].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I2799323385, https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code	CH
authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name	ETH Zurich
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Ahmed Bouhoula
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings	ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5025344654
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-939X
authorships[3].author.display_name	David Basin
authorships[3].countries	CH
authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
authorships[3].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[3].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/05a28rw58
authorships[3].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I2799323385, https://openalex.org/I35440088
authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code	CH
authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name	ETH Zurich
authorships[3].author_position	last
authorships[3].raw_author_name	David Basin
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings	ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
has_content.pdf	False
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/674024
open_access.oa_status	green
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Automating Website Registration for Studying GDPR Compliance
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T11045
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/33
primary_topic.field.display_name	Social Sciences
primary_topic.score	0.996999979019165
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/2
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Social Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3312
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Sociology and Political Science
primary_topic.display_name	Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
related_works	https://openalex.org/W4391375266, https://openalex.org/W2899084033, https://openalex.org/W2748952813, https://openalex.org/W2410395228, https://openalex.org/W2390279801, https://openalex.org/W3125941065, https://openalex.org/W4391913857, https://openalex.org/W2358668433, https://openalex.org/W4396701345, https://openalex.org/W2484615095
cited_by_count	1
counts_by_year[0].year	2025
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	1
locations_count	3
best_oa_location.id	pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/674024
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306402302
best_oa_location.source.issn
best_oa_location.source.type	repository
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	False
best_oa_location.source.issn_l
best_oa_location.source.is_core	False
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I35440088
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	ETH Zurich
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I35440088
best_oa_location.license	other-oa
best_oa_location.pdf_url
best_oa_location.version	acceptedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	False
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	WWW '24: Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/674024
primary_location.id	doi:10.1145/3589334.3645709
primary_location.is_oa	False
primary_location.source
primary_location.license
primary_location.pdf_url
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	proceedings-article
primary_location.license_id
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name	Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1145/3589334.3645709
publication_date	2024-05-08
publication_year	2024
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W3174086521, https://openalex.org/W3121736041, https://openalex.org/W2295598076, https://openalex.org/W4224319565, https://openalex.org/W4385517833, https://openalex.org/W3107473573, https://openalex.org/W2782867239, https://openalex.org/W2535603283, https://openalex.org/W3205400134, https://openalex.org/W4384302739, https://openalex.org/W6969061235, https://openalex.org/W3006928035, https://openalex.org/W2169511760, https://openalex.org/W3179937365, https://openalex.org/W4220680677, https://openalex.org/W2904027722, https://openalex.org/W2999830435, https://openalex.org/W6891412766, https://openalex.org/W4385522472, https://openalex.org/W3164790661, https://openalex.org/W4307020316, https://openalex.org/W3046708287, https://openalex.org/W3003683799, https://openalex.org/W4376626867, https://openalex.org/W3100328669, https://openalex.org/W2962940036, https://openalex.org/W2588383695
referenced_works_count	27
abstract_inverted_index.12	29
abstract_inverted_index.1:	42
abstract_inverted_index.1M	4
abstract_inverted_index.no	12
abstract_inverted_index.of	15, 20, 44, 46
abstract_inverted_index.us	27
abstract_inverted_index.605	30
abstract_inverted_index.and	49
abstract_inverted_index.are	17
abstract_inverted_index.our	47
abstract_inverted_index.5.2%	14
abstract_inverted_index.660k	0
abstract_inverted_index.form	8, 13
abstract_inverted_index.from	2
abstract_inverted_index.send	26
abstract_inverted_index.22.8%	19
abstract_inverted_index.23.6%	9
abstract_inverted_index.25.7%	5
abstract_inverted_index.33.9k	24
abstract_inverted_index.50.7%	11
abstract_inverted_index.crawl	36
abstract_inverted_index.forms	16, 21
abstract_inverted_index.found	6
abstract_inverted_index.steps	45
abstract_inverted_index.study	48
abstract_inverted_index.Tranco	3
abstract_inverted_index.emails	28
abstract_inverted_index.errors	10
abstract_inverted_index.(37.2%)	31
abstract_inverted_index.senders	34
abstract_inverted_index.ML-based	39
abstract_inverted_index.Overview	43
abstract_inverted_index.insecure	18
abstract_inverted_index.results.	50
abstract_inverted_index.websites	1, 25
abstract_inverted_index.Automated	35, 37
abstract_inverted_index.submitted	22
abstract_inverted_index.violation	40
abstract_inverted_index.potentially	32
abstract_inverted_index.registration	7, 38
abstract_inverted_index.successfully	23
abstract_inverted_index.non-compliant	33
abstract_inverted_index.detetectionFigure	41
cited_by_percentile_year.max	95
cited_by_percentile_year.min	91
countries_distinct_count	1
institutions_distinct_count	4
sustainable_development_goals[0].id	https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8
sustainable_development_goals[0].score	0.6800000071525574
sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name	Decent work and economic growth
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.8168877
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	True