Betaine Supplementation Improves 60-km Cycling Time Trial Performance and One-Carbon Metabolism in Cyclists During Recovery Article Swipe

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David C. Nieman , Camila A. Sakaguchi , James C. Williams , Jackie Lawson , Kevin Lambirth ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202508.0284.v1

Background/Objectives: This study examined the effects of 2-weeks betaine versus placebo supplementation (3 g/d) on 60-km cycling performance, gut permeability, and shifts in plasma metabolites. Methods: Participants included 21 male and female non-elite cyclists. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design was used with two 2-week supplementation periods and a 2-week washout period. Supplementation periods were followed by a 60-km cycling time trial. Six blood sam-ples were collected before and after supplementation (overnight fasted state), and at 0h-, 1.5h-, 3h-, and 24h-post-exercise. Five-hour urine samples were collected pre-supplementation and post-60-km cycling after ingesting a sugar solution contain-ing lactulose 5 g, 13C mannitol 100 mg, and 12C mannitol 1.9 g in 450 ml water. Other outcome measures included plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein-1 (I-FABP), muscle damage biomarkers (serum creatine kinase, myoglobin), serum cortisol, com-plete blood cell counts, and shifts in plasma metabolites using untargeted metabolom-ics. Results: The time to complete the 60-km cycling bout differed significantly be-tween the betaine and placebo trials (mean±SE, 112.8±2.3, 114.2±2.6 minutes, respec-tively, (-1.41±0.7 minutes) (effect size=0.457, p=0.049). No trial differences were found for I-FABP (interaction effect, p=0.076), L:13CM (p=0.559), the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p=0.171), serum cortisol (p=0.982), serum myoglobin (p=0.942), or serum creatine kinase (p=0.694). Untargeted metabolomics showed that 214 metabolites exhibited sig-nificant trial treatment effects and 130 significant trial x time interaction effects. Be-taine versus placebo supplementation was linked to significant increases in plasma betaine, dimethylglycine (DMG), sarcosine, methionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), alpha-ketoglutaramate, and 5’methylthioadensone (MTA), and decreases in plasma carnitine and numerous acylcarnitines. Conclusions: Betaine supplementation modestly improved 60-km cycling performance but had no effect on gut permeability. The metabolomics data supported a strong influence of 2-weeks intake of betaine on the one-carbon metabolism pathway during the 24h recovery period.

Related Topics

Carbon Fibers

Environmental Science

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Cycling Betaine Time trial Carbon fibers Environmental science Animal science Chemistry Medicine Internal medicine Computer science Biology Biochemistry Geography Forestry Heart rate Blood pressure Algorithm Composite number

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Type: preprint
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202508.0284.v1
PDF: https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/933011cae3d2c7858bf53ed95aafa3bf/download_pub
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202508.0284.v1

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Title: Betaine Supplementation Improves 60-km Cycling Time Trial Performance and One-Carbon Metabolism in Cyclists During Recovery

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Type: preprint

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Language: en

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Publication year: 2025

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Publication date: 2025-08-05

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Authors: David C. Nieman, Camila A. Sakaguchi, James C. Williams, Jackie Lawson, Kevin Lambirth

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Landing page: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202508.0284.v1

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PDF URL: https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/933011cae3d2c7858bf53ed95aafa3bf/download_pub

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Concepts: Cycling, Betaine, Time trial, Carbon fibers, Environmental science, Animal science, Chemistry, Medicine, Internal medicine, Computer science, Biology, Biochemistry, Geography, Forestry, Heart rate, Blood pressure, Algorithm, Composite number

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abstract_inverted_index.differed	153
abstract_inverted_index.effects.	216
abstract_inverted_index.examined	3
abstract_inverted_index.followed	55
abstract_inverted_index.improved	251
abstract_inverted_index.included	27, 115
abstract_inverted_index.mannitol	100, 105
abstract_inverted_index.measures	114
abstract_inverted_index.minutes)	167
abstract_inverted_index.minutes,	164
abstract_inverted_index.modestly	250
abstract_inverted_index.numerous	245
abstract_inverted_index.recovery	282
abstract_inverted_index.sam-ples	64
abstract_inverted_index.solution	94
abstract_inverted_index.(I-FABP),	122
abstract_inverted_index.Five-hour	81
abstract_inverted_index.carnitine	243
abstract_inverted_index.collected	66, 85
abstract_inverted_index.com-plete	132
abstract_inverted_index.cortisol,	131
abstract_inverted_index.crossover	38
abstract_inverted_index.cyclists.	33
abstract_inverted_index.decreases	240
abstract_inverted_index.exhibited	204
abstract_inverted_index.increases	225
abstract_inverted_index.influence	268
abstract_inverted_index.ingesting	91
abstract_inverted_index.lactulose	96
abstract_inverted_index.myoglobin	191
abstract_inverted_index.non-elite	32
abstract_inverted_index.p=0.049).	170
abstract_inverted_index.p=0.076),	180
abstract_inverted_index.protein-1	121
abstract_inverted_index.supported	265
abstract_inverted_index.treatment	207
abstract_inverted_index.(mean±SE,	161
abstract_inverted_index.(overnight	71
abstract_inverted_index.(p=0.171),	186
abstract_inverted_index.(p=0.559),	182
abstract_inverted_index.(p=0.694).	197
abstract_inverted_index.(p=0.942),	192
abstract_inverted_index.(p=0.982),	189
abstract_inverted_index.114.2±2.6	163
abstract_inverted_index.Untargeted	198
abstract_inverted_index.biomarkers	125
abstract_inverted_index.intestinal	117
abstract_inverted_index.metabolism	277
abstract_inverted_index.one-carbon	276
abstract_inverted_index.post-60-km	88
abstract_inverted_index.sarcosine,	231
abstract_inverted_index.untargeted	142
abstract_inverted_index.(-1.41±0.7	166
abstract_inverted_index.112.8±2.3,	162
abstract_inverted_index.contain-ing	95
abstract_inverted_index.differences	173
abstract_inverted_index.interaction	215
abstract_inverted_index.metabolites	140, 203
abstract_inverted_index.methionine,	232
abstract_inverted_index.myoglobin),	129
abstract_inverted_index.performance	254
abstract_inverted_index.randomized,	35
abstract_inverted_index.significant	211, 224
abstract_inverted_index.size=0.457,	169
abstract_inverted_index.(interaction	178
abstract_inverted_index.Conclusions:	247
abstract_inverted_index.Participants	26
abstract_inverted_index.metabolites.	24
abstract_inverted_index.metabolomics	199, 263
abstract_inverted_index.performance,	17
abstract_inverted_index.sig-nificant	205
abstract_inverted_index.double-blind,	37
abstract_inverted_index.permeability,	19
abstract_inverted_index.permeability.	261
abstract_inverted_index.significantly	154
abstract_inverted_index.metabolom-ics.	143
abstract_inverted_index.respec-tively,	165
abstract_inverted_index.Supplementation	52
abstract_inverted_index.acylcarnitines.	246
abstract_inverted_index.dimethylglycine	229
abstract_inverted_index.supplementation	11, 45, 70, 220, 249
abstract_inverted_index.24h-post-exercise.	80
abstract_inverted_index.placebo-controlled,	36
abstract_inverted_index.pre-supplementation	86
abstract_inverted_index.neutrophil/lymphocyte	184
abstract_inverted_index.5’methylthioadensone	237
abstract_inverted_index.Background/Objectives:	0
abstract_inverted_index.S-adenosylhomocysteine	233
abstract_inverted_index.alpha-ketoglutaramate,	235
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	5
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.37080941
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False