Biological Response of Osteoblasts to Zirconia Manufactured via FFF, DLP, and Milling Article Swipe

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Christoph J. Roser , Ralf Erber , Andreas Zenthöfer , Stefan Rues , Christopher J. Lux , Dorit Nötzel , Ralf Eickhoff , Thomas Hanemann ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110397

(1) Background: Zirconia (ZrO2) is increasingly used in dental implantology due to its biocompatibility and favorable mechanical and biological properties. While subtractive and stereolithographic additive manufacturing techniques are well established, the application of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) for zirconia-based dental implants remains largely unexplored. (2) Methods: Cylindrical ZrO2 specimens were fabricated using three different manufacturing techniques: milling (MIL), Digital Light Processing (DLP), and FFF. Surface topography was analyzed via white-light interferometry. Human fetal osteoblasts (hFOBs 1.19) were cultured on the specimens to evaluate cell adhesion after 4 and 24 h, proliferation for 4 days, cell surface coverage after 4 and 24 h, and osteogenic gene expression (RUNX2, ALPL, and BGLAP) after 24 h, 48 h, 7 days, and 14 days. (3) Results: The FFF samples exhibited significantly higher surface roughness than the MIL and DLP specimens. After 24 h, enhanced cell adhesion and the highest proliferation rates were observed on FFF surfaces. At 14 days, gene expression analysis revealed elevated expression of BGLAP on FFF surfaces, suggesting advanced osteogenic differentiation compared to MIL and DLP. (4) Conclusions: The inherent surface roughness of FFF-printed zirconia appears to promote osteogenic activity without additional surface treatment. These findings suggest that FFF may constitute a viable manufacturing method for the fabrication of customized zirconia components in dental implantology, warranting further investigations, particularly regarding their mechanical performance.

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Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110397
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110397

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Title: Biological Response of Osteoblasts to Zirconia Manufactured via FFF, DLP, and Milling

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Publication year: 2025

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Authors: Christoph J. Roser, Ralf Erber, Andreas Zenthöfer, Stefan Rues, Christopher J. Lux, Dorit Nötzel, Ralf Eickhoff, Thomas Hanemann

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abstract_inverted_index.DLP	134
abstract_inverted_index.FFF	123, 150, 164, 197
abstract_inverted_index.MIL	132, 172
abstract_inverted_index.The	122, 177
abstract_inverted_index.and	14, 17, 22, 62, 87, 99, 102, 108, 117, 133, 142, 173
abstract_inverted_index.are	27
abstract_inverted_index.due	10
abstract_inverted_index.for	37, 91, 204
abstract_inverted_index.its	12
abstract_inverted_index.may	198
abstract_inverted_index.the	30, 79, 131, 143, 205
abstract_inverted_index.via	68
abstract_inverted_index.was	66
abstract_inverted_index.DLP.	174
abstract_inverted_index.FFF.	63
abstract_inverted_index.ZrO2	47
abstract_inverted_index.cell	83, 94, 140
abstract_inverted_index.gene	104, 155
abstract_inverted_index.than	130
abstract_inverted_index.that	196
abstract_inverted_index.used	6
abstract_inverted_index.well	28
abstract_inverted_index.were	49, 76, 147
abstract_inverted_index.(FFF)	36
abstract_inverted_index.1.19)	75
abstract_inverted_index.ALPL,	107
abstract_inverted_index.After	136
abstract_inverted_index.BGLAP	162
abstract_inverted_index.Fused	33
abstract_inverted_index.Human	71
abstract_inverted_index.Light	59
abstract_inverted_index.These	193
abstract_inverted_index.While	20
abstract_inverted_index.after	85, 97, 110
abstract_inverted_index.days,	93, 116, 154
abstract_inverted_index.days.	119
abstract_inverted_index.fetal	72
abstract_inverted_index.rates	146
abstract_inverted_index.their	219
abstract_inverted_index.three	52
abstract_inverted_index.using	51
abstract_inverted_index.(DLP),	61
abstract_inverted_index.(MIL),	57
abstract_inverted_index.(ZrO2)	3
abstract_inverted_index.(hFOBs	74
abstract_inverted_index.BGLAP)	109
abstract_inverted_index.dental	8, 39, 212
abstract_inverted_index.higher	127
abstract_inverted_index.method	203
abstract_inverted_index.viable	201
abstract_inverted_index.(RUNX2,	106
abstract_inverted_index.Digital	58
abstract_inverted_index.Surface	64
abstract_inverted_index.appears	184
abstract_inverted_index.further	215
abstract_inverted_index.highest	144
abstract_inverted_index.largely	42
abstract_inverted_index.milling	56
abstract_inverted_index.promote	186
abstract_inverted_index.remains	41
abstract_inverted_index.samples	124
abstract_inverted_index.suggest	195
abstract_inverted_index.surface	95, 128, 179, 191
abstract_inverted_index.without	189
abstract_inverted_index.Filament	34
abstract_inverted_index.Methods:	45
abstract_inverted_index.Results:	121
abstract_inverted_index.Zirconia	2
abstract_inverted_index.activity	188
abstract_inverted_index.additive	24
abstract_inverted_index.adhesion	84, 141
abstract_inverted_index.advanced	167
abstract_inverted_index.analysis	157
abstract_inverted_index.analyzed	67
abstract_inverted_index.compared	170
abstract_inverted_index.coverage	96
abstract_inverted_index.cultured	77
abstract_inverted_index.elevated	159
abstract_inverted_index.enhanced	139
abstract_inverted_index.evaluate	82
abstract_inverted_index.findings	194
abstract_inverted_index.implants	40
abstract_inverted_index.inherent	178
abstract_inverted_index.observed	148
abstract_inverted_index.revealed	158
abstract_inverted_index.zirconia	183, 209
abstract_inverted_index.different	53
abstract_inverted_index.exhibited	125
abstract_inverted_index.favorable	15
abstract_inverted_index.regarding	218
abstract_inverted_index.roughness	129, 180
abstract_inverted_index.specimens	48, 80
abstract_inverted_index.surfaces,	165
abstract_inverted_index.surfaces.	151
abstract_inverted_index.Processing	60
abstract_inverted_index.additional	190
abstract_inverted_index.biological	18
abstract_inverted_index.components	210
abstract_inverted_index.constitute	199
abstract_inverted_index.customized	208
abstract_inverted_index.expression	105, 156, 160
abstract_inverted_index.fabricated	50
abstract_inverted_index.mechanical	16, 220
abstract_inverted_index.osteogenic	103, 168, 187
abstract_inverted_index.specimens.	135
abstract_inverted_index.suggesting	166
abstract_inverted_index.techniques	26
abstract_inverted_index.topography	65
abstract_inverted_index.treatment.	192
abstract_inverted_index.warranting	214
abstract_inverted_index.Background:	1
abstract_inverted_index.Cylindrical	46
abstract_inverted_index.FFF-printed	182
abstract_inverted_index.Fabrication	35
abstract_inverted_index.application	31
abstract_inverted_index.fabrication	206
abstract_inverted_index.osteoblasts	73
abstract_inverted_index.properties.	19
abstract_inverted_index.subtractive	21
abstract_inverted_index.techniques:	55
abstract_inverted_index.unexplored.	43
abstract_inverted_index.white-light	69
abstract_inverted_index.Conclusions:	176
abstract_inverted_index.established,	29
abstract_inverted_index.implantology	9
abstract_inverted_index.increasingly	5
abstract_inverted_index.particularly	217
abstract_inverted_index.performance.	221
abstract_inverted_index.implantology,	213
abstract_inverted_index.manufacturing	25, 54, 202
abstract_inverted_index.proliferation	90, 145
abstract_inverted_index.significantly	126
abstract_inverted_index.zirconia-based	38
abstract_inverted_index.differentiation	169
abstract_inverted_index.interferometry.	70
abstract_inverted_index.investigations,	216
abstract_inverted_index.biocompatibility	13
abstract_inverted_index.stereolithographic	23
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	1
institutions_distinct_count	8
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.55884762
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False