Broadband optical modulation and control at millikelvin temperatures Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0287214
A universal experimental challenge in studying radiation effects on cryogenic devices is precisely and accurately characterizing the position-dependent device response near the energy detection threshold. We have developed a compact cryogenic optical beam steering system that can be used to generate O (μs) pulses of small numbers of photons over the energy range of 1.3–3.4 eV at room temperature, and deliver those photons via fiber optic to any specified location on the surface of a detector operating at cryogenic temperatures. This new system will allow for robust calibration of any photon-sensitive detector, including superconducting devices. The system can be used efficiently to explore the physics of target materials, quantify the position sensitivity of different sensor designs, measure phonon transport, and study the effects of quasiparticle poisoning on detector operation. We describe the design of this pulsed calibration method and present first results obtained with a second-generation system operated at room temperature and sub-Kelvin temperatures.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0287214
- OA Status
- green
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4414451310
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4414451310Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0287214Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Broadband optical modulation and control at millikelvin temperaturesWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-10-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Nazifa Tabassum, T. Aralis, Jadyn Anczarski, D. Baxter, Blas Cabrera, Renee Chapla, Nicholas Entin, L. Hsu, H. Magoon, A. Núñez, J. Ryan, Maria Salatino, Maria Salatino, Z. J. Smith, Z. J. Smith, Sophie Stevens, Haley R. Stueber, Betty Young, Noah Kurinsky, K. StifterList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0287214Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
greenOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.06995Direct OA link when available
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4414451310 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0287214 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.06995 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41148130 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4414451310 |
| fwci | 0.0 |
| type | article |
| title | Broadband optical modulation and control at millikelvin temperatures |
| biblio.issue | 10 |
| biblio.volume | 96 |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10299 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.8914999961853027 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Photonic and Optical Devices |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11429 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.8561000227928162 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1063/5.0287214 |
| locations[0].is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S31010182 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0034-6748, 1089-7623, 1527-2400 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0034-6748 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Review of Scientific Instruments |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320257 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | American Institute of Physics |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320257 |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Review of Scientific Instruments |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0287214 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:41148130 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | The Review of scientific instruments |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41148130 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.06995 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[2].license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[2].pdf_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.06995 |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | text |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.06995 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:osti.gov:2562853 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402487 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | Office of Scientific and Technical Information |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| locations[3].license | |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | |
| locations[3].license_id | |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2562853 |
| locations[4].id | doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.06995 |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[4].license | |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | |
| locations[4].raw_type | article |
| locations[4].license_id | |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.06995 |
| indexed_in | arxiv, crossref, datacite, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5103081943 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3591-880X |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Nazifa Tabassum |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[0].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[0].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[0].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[0].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Tabassum, N. |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5025825280 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3501-6948 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | T. Aralis |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | T. Aralis |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5108008034 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-3385 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Jadyn Anczarski |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[2].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[2].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[2].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[2].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[2].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | J. Anczarski |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5070269126 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-3535 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | D. Baxter |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1314696892 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Center for Particle Astrophysics 3 , Batavia, Illinois 60510, |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1314696892 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/020hgte69 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1314696892, https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210114836 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | D. Baxter |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Center for Particle Astrophysics 3 , Batavia, Illinois 60510, |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5009560414 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9386-6676 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Blas Cabrera |
| authorships[4].countries | US |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[4].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[4].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[4].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[4].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[4].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Cabrera, B. |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5119711323 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7186-5845 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Renee Chapla |
| authorships[5].countries | US |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I16269868 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Santa Clara University 4 , Santa Clara, California 95053, |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I16269868 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ypqe447 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I16269868 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Santa Clara University |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | R. Chapla |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Santa Clara University 4 , Santa Clara, California 95053, |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5119711324 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3779-7852 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Nicholas Entin |
| authorships[6].countries | US |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[6].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[6].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[6].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[6].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[6].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[6].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[6].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[6].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[6].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[6].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[6].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[6].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[6].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | N. Entin |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5109066911 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5591-6433 |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | L. Hsu |
| authorships[7].countries | US |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1314696892 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Center for Particle Astrophysics 3 , Batavia, Illinois 60510, |
| authorships[7].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1314696892 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Fermilab |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1314696892 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/020hgte69 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1314696892, https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210114836 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name | Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | L. Hsu |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings | Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Center for Particle Astrophysics 3 , Batavia, Illinois 60510,, Fermilab |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5038557991 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | H. Magoon |
| authorships[8].countries | US |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[8].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[8].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[8].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[8].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[8].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[8].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[8].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[8].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[8].author_position | middle |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | Magoon, H. W. |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[9].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5112333584 |
| authorships[9].author.orcid | |
| authorships[9].author.display_name | A. Núñez |
| authorships[9].countries | US |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[9].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[9].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[9].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[9].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[9].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[9].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[9].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[9].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[9].author_position | middle |
| authorships[9].raw_author_name | Nunez, A. |
| authorships[9].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[9].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[10].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5109888233 |
| authorships[10].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7773-1958 |
| authorships[10].author.display_name | J. Ryan |
| authorships[10].countries | US |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[10].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[10].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[10].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[10].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[10].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[10].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[10].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[10].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[10].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[10].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[10].author_position | middle |
| authorships[10].raw_author_name | Ryan, J. L. |
| authorships[10].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[10].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[11].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5088549737 |
| authorships[11].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-1134 |
| authorships[11].author.display_name | Maria Salatino |
| authorships[11].countries | US |
| authorships[11].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[11].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[11].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[11].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[11].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[11].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[11].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[11].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[11].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[11].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[11].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[11].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[11].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[11].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[11].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[11].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[11].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[11].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[11].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[11].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[11].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[11].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[11].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[11].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[11].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[11].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[11].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[11].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[11].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[11].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[11].author_position | middle |
| authorships[11].raw_author_name | Salatino, M. |
| authorships[11].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[11].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[12].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5093219794 |
| authorships[12].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-1134 |
| authorships[12].author.display_name | Maria Salatino |
| authorships[12].countries | US |
| authorships[12].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[12].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[12].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[12].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[12].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[12].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[12].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[12].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[12].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[12].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[12].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[12].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[12].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[12].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[12].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[12].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[12].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[12].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[12].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[12].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[12].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[12].institutions[2].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[12].author_position | middle |
| authorships[12].raw_author_name | Simchony, A. |
| authorships[12].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[12].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[13].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5113113196 |
| authorships[13].author.orcid | |
| authorships[13].author.display_name | Z. J. Smith |
| authorships[13].countries | US |
| authorships[13].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[13].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[13].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[13].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[13].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[13].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[13].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[13].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[13].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[13].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[13].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[13].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[13].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[13].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[13].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[13].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[13].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[13].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[13].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[13].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[13].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[13].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[13].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[13].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[13].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[13].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[13].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[13].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[13].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[13].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[13].author_position | middle |
| authorships[13].raw_author_name | Smith, Z. J. |
| authorships[13].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[13].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[14].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5113113196 |
| authorships[14].author.orcid | |
| authorships[14].author.display_name | Z. J. Smith |
| authorships[14].countries | US |
| authorships[14].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[14].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[14].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[14].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[14].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[14].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[14].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[14].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[14].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[14].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[14].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[14].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[14].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[14].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[14].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[14].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[14].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[14].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[14].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[14].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[14].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[14].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[14].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[14].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[14].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[14].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[14].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[14].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[14].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[14].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[14].author_position | middle |
| authorships[14].raw_author_name | Z. J. Smith |
| authorships[14].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[14].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[15].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5077829069 |
| authorships[15].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8010-0493 |
| authorships[15].author.display_name | Sophie Stevens |
| authorships[15].countries | US |
| authorships[15].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[15].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[15].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[15].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[15].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[15].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[15].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[15].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[15].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[15].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[15].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[15].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[15].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[15].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[15].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[15].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[15].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[15].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[15].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[15].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[15].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[15].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[15].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[15].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[15].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[15].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[15].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[15].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[15].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[15].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[15].author_position | middle |
| authorships[15].raw_author_name | S. Stevens |
| authorships[15].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[15].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[16].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5030918056 |
| authorships[16].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2776-978X |
| authorships[16].author.display_name | Haley R. Stueber |
| authorships[16].countries | US |
| authorships[16].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[16].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[16].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[16].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[16].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[16].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[16].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[16].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[16].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[16].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[16].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[16].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[16].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[16].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[16].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[16].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[16].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[16].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[16].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[16].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[16].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[16].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[16].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[16].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[16].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[16].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[16].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[16].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[16].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[16].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[16].author_position | middle |
| authorships[16].raw_author_name | Stueber, H. |
| authorships[16].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[16].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[17].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5069692075 |
| authorships[17].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-9488 |
| authorships[17].author.display_name | Betty Young |
| authorships[17].countries | US |
| authorships[17].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I16269868 |
| authorships[17].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Santa Clara University 4 , Santa Clara, California 95053, |
| authorships[17].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I16269868 |
| authorships[17].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03ypqe447 |
| authorships[17].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[17].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I16269868 |
| authorships[17].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[17].institutions[0].display_name | Santa Clara University |
| authorships[17].author_position | middle |
| authorships[17].raw_author_name | B. A. Young |
| authorships[17].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[17].raw_affiliation_strings | Santa Clara University 4 , Santa Clara, California 95053, |
| authorships[18].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5037888211 |
| authorships[18].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5872-519X |
| authorships[18].author.display_name | Noah Kurinsky |
| authorships[18].countries | US |
| authorships[18].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[18].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[18].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[18].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[18].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[18].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[18].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[18].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[18].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[18].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[18].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[18].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[18].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[18].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[18].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[18].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[18].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[18].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[18].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[18].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[18].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[18].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[18].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[18].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[18].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[18].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[18].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[18].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[18].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[18].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[18].author_position | middle |
| authorships[18].raw_author_name | N. A. Kurinsky |
| authorships[18].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[18].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[19].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5107895653 |
| authorships[19].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-175X |
| authorships[19].author.display_name | K. Stifter |
| authorships[19].countries | US |
| authorships[19].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[19].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | KIPAC, Menlo Park |
| authorships[19].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[19].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| authorships[19].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[19].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035, |
| authorships[19].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210094059 |
| authorships[19].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00pwqz914 |
| authorships[19].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[19].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210094059, https://openalex.org/I97018004, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[19].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[19].institutions[0].display_name | Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology |
| authorships[19].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[19].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01240pn49 |
| authorships[19].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[19].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210099336 |
| authorships[19].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[19].institutions[1].display_name | Menlo School |
| authorships[19].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2801935854 |
| authorships[19].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05gzmn429 |
| authorships[19].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[19].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I2801935854, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[19].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[19].institutions[2].display_name | SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
| authorships[19].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[19].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/00f54p054 |
| authorships[19].institutions[3].type | education |
| authorships[19].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97018004 |
| authorships[19].institutions[3].country_code | US |
| authorships[19].institutions[3].display_name | Stanford University |
| authorships[19].author_position | last |
| authorships[19].raw_author_name | Stifter, K. |
| authorships[19].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[19].raw_affiliation_strings | KIPAC, Menlo Park, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University 2 , Stanford, California 94035,, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1 , Menlo Park, California 94025, |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.06995 |
| open_access.oa_status | green |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Broadband optical modulation and control at millikelvin temperatures |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10299 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.8914999961853027 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Photonic and Optical Devices |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 5 |
| best_oa_location.id | pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.06995 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | |
| best_oa_location.source.type | repository |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | False |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.06995 |
| best_oa_location.version | submittedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | text |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | False |
| best_oa_location.is_published | False |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.06995 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1063/5.0287214 |
| primary_location.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S31010182 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0034-6748, 1089-7623, 1527-2400 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0034-6748 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Review of Scientific Instruments |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320257 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | American Institute of Physics |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320257 |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Review of Scientific Instruments |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0287214 |
| publication_date | 2025-10-01 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works_count | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.O | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 28, 74, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 25, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 56, 77, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 37, 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.eV | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 44, 47, 53, 73, 88, 105, 112, 123, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 8, 70, 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 39, 66, 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 13, 59, 119, 138, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.any | 67, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 36, 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 16, 21, 50, 71, 103, 109, 121, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.beam | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.near | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.room | 57, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 38, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.will | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(μs) | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allow | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fiber | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optic | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.range | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.device | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy | 22, 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phonon | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pulsed | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pulses | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.robust | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sensor | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 34, 82, 96, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.target | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compact | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deliver | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.devices | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effects | 7, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explore | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measure | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.numbers | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optical | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.photons | 48, 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physics | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surface | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.describe | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.designs, | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detector | 75, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.devices. | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generate | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.location | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtained | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operated | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.position | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantify | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.steering | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studying | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.3–3.4 | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenge | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cryogenic | 9, 30, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detection | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detector, | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developed | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operating | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.poisoning | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precisely | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radiation | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specified | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.universal | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accurately | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.materials, | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operation. | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sub-Kelvin | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.threshold. | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transport, | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibration | 87, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiently | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sensitivity | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperature | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experimental | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperature, | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quasiparticle | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperatures. | 79, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characterizing | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.superconducting | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.photon-sensitive | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.second-generation | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.position-dependent | 17 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 20 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.50161765 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |