Business Model Innovation for Ambulance Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: “Coordination and Competition” Article Swipe
Andreas Gernert
,
Andre Calmon
,
Gonzalo Romero
,
Luk N. Van Wassenhove
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10591478231224973
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10591478231224973
Several low- and middle-income countries’ emergency transportation systems (ETSs) do not have a centralized emergency number. Instead, they have many independent ambulance providers, each with a small number of ambulances. As a result, ETSs in these contexts lack coordination and ambulances. Using a free-entry equilibrium model, we show that in such decentralized systems, the probability that any given call can be served by at least one ambulance, that is, its coverage, is at most 71.54%, regardless of the ETS’s profitability. We examine three business models that can address the ETS’s lack of coordination and ambulances: (i) a competitor-only business model, where an entrepreneur enters the ETS and acquires ambulances to compete with existing providers; (ii) a platform business model, where an entrepreneur coordinates existing providers; and (iii) an innovative platform-plus business model, where an entrepreneur combines (i) and (ii): setting-up a platform and acquiring platform-owned ambulances. We also examine a government-run platform that takes no commissions from providers. Using a game-theoretic approach, we find that it is optimal for all platform models to incentivize all providers to join. However, only the government-run platform may incentivize providers to acquire additional ambulances. Furthermore, a government-run platform offers higher coverage than a platform-plus only when the platform’s power to coordinate ambulance providers is moderate. Our results can help entrepreneurs and policymakers in LMICs navigate various tradeoffs in improving their countries’ ETS.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1177/10591478231224973
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/10591478231224973
- OA Status
- bronze
- Cited By
- 2
- References
- 38
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
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All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4392731200Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1177/10591478231224973Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Business Model Innovation for Ambulance Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: “Coordination and Competition”Work title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
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2024-02-08Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Andreas Gernert, Andre Calmon, Gonzalo Romero, Luk N. Van WassenhoveList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1177/10591478231224973Publisher landing page
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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/10591478231224973Direct link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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bronzeOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/10591478231224973Direct OA link when available
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Business, Competition (biology), Business model, Industrial organization, Operations management, Marketing, Economics, Ecology, BiologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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2Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 1, 2024: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.least | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.takes | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.where | 100, 119, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ETSs) | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enters | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model, | 45, 99, 118, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 84, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.offers | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.served | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.71.54%, | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ETS’s | 78, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Several | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acquire | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.address | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compete | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examine | 81, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number. | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimal | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.result, | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Instead, | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acquires | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.business | 83, 98, 117, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.combines | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contexts | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coverage | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.existing | 112, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.navigate | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.platform | 116, 141, 151, 170, 182, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems, | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acquiring | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ambulance | 21, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach, | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coverage, | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emergency | 5, 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improving | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.moderate. | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.providers | 175, 185, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tradeoffs | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.additional | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ambulance, | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ambulances | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coordinate | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.free-entry | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.innovative | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.providers, | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.providers. | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.providers; | 113, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regardless | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.setting-up | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ambulances. | 29, 40, 145, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ambulances: | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.centralized | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.commissions | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coordinates | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.equilibrium | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.incentivize | 173, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.independent | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.probability | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Furthermore, | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coordination | 38, 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.countries’ | 4, 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.entrepreneur | 102, 121, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.platform’s | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.policymakers | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decentralized | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.entrepreneurs | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.middle-income | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.platform-plus | 129, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.game-theoretic | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.government-run | 150, 181, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.platform-owned | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.profitability. | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transportation | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.competitor-only | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5027609767 |
| countries_distinct_count | 4 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I186044516 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.63474124 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |