Capacity Optimization of Rainwater Harvesting Systems Based on a Cost–Benefit Analysis: A Financial Support Program Review and Parametric Sensitivity Analysis Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010186
Water risk has been continuously rising due to climate change and ownership disputes of water resources. Dam construction to secure water resources may lead to environmental problems and upstream immersion. On the other hand, rainwater harvesting systems can effectively supply water at a low cost, although economic efficiency of these systems is still debatable. This study evaluates financial support programs to promote installation of rainwater harvesting systems, increasing economic feasibility. Based on a cost–benefit analysis, capacity optimization methods are further suggested. A sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the relative importance among uncertain parameters such as inflation and discount rates. In doing so, priority factors to consider in the design of rainwater harvesting systems are ultimately identified. A net present value, although it is sensitive to the inflation rate, is shown to be more appropriate to estimate the economic efficiency of rainwater harvesting system, compared to the typical cost–benefit ratio. Because the high future value overestimates the economic feasibility of rainwater harvesting systems, proper inflation rates should be applied. All in all, a funding program to promote rainwater harvesting systems significantly increases the benefits. Thus, national financial support policies are recommended to ensure economic feasibility of rainwater harvesting systems.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010186
- https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/1/186/pdf?version=1672908555
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 18
- References
- 55
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4313573174
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4313573174Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010186Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Capacity Optimization of Rainwater Harvesting Systems Based on a Cost–Benefit Analysis: A Financial Support Program Review and Parametric Sensitivity AnalysisWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-01-02Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Youngkyu Jin, Sangho Lee, Taeuk Kang, Jongpyo Park, Yeulwoo KimList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010186Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/1/186/pdf?version=1672908555Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/1/186/pdf?version=1672908555Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Rainwater harvesting, Net present value, Environmental science, Business, Environmental economics, Economics, Production (economics), Microeconomics, Biology, EcologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
18Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 7, 2024: 8, 2023: 3Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
55Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4313573174 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010186 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010186 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4313573174 |
| fwci | 2.94987648 |
| type | article |
| title | Capacity Optimization of Rainwater Harvesting Systems Based on a Cost–Benefit Analysis: A Financial Support Program Review and Parametric Sensitivity Analysis |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G6894536648 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320334877 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 2019002950004 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute |
| biblio.issue | 1 |
| biblio.volume | 15 |
| biblio.last_page | 186 |
| biblio.first_page | 186 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11119 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9994000196456909 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2305 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Environmental Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Urban Stormwater Management Solutions |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10969 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9970999956130981 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2212 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Ocean Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Water resources management and optimization |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11220 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9968000054359436 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2205 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Civil and Structural Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Water Systems and Optimization |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320334877 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/022r1q746 |
| funders[0].display_name | Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2200 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2382 |
| apc_paid.value | 2200 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2382 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C83419821 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.9771478176116943 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2137507 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Rainwater harvesting |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C181230689 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.4837241470813751 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192472 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Net present value |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[2].level | 0 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.4038533568382263 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C144133560 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.4003344476222992 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Business |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C134560507 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.39659184217453003 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Environmental economics |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C162324750 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.2124800682067871 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Economics |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C2778348673 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.16167482733726501 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Production (economics) |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C175444787 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.07790082693099976 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Microeconomics |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C18903297 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Ecology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/rainwater-harvesting |
| keywords[0].score | 0.9771478176116943 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Rainwater harvesting |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/net-present-value |
| keywords[1].score | 0.4837241470813751 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Net present value |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[2].score | 0.4038533568382263 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/business |
| keywords[3].score | 0.4003344476222992 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Business |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics |
| keywords[4].score | 0.39659184217453003 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Environmental economics |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/economics |
| keywords[5].score | 0.2124800682067871 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Economics |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/production |
| keywords[6].score | 0.16167482733726501 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Production (economics) |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics |
| keywords[7].score | 0.07790082693099976 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Microeconomics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/w15010186 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S134216166 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2073-4441 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2073-4441 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Water |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/1/186/pdf?version=1672908555 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Water |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010186 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:50d9fe53233e447c8f472cbbb7844c64 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Water, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 186 (2023) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/50d9fe53233e447c8f472cbbb7844c64 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-4441/15/1/186/ |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400947 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | MDPI (MDPI AG) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[2].license | cc-by |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Water; Volume 15; Issue 1; Pages: 186 |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010186 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5031777831 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-9715 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Youngkyu Jin |
| authorships[0].countries | KR |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0433kqc49 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | KR |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Pukyong National University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Youngkyu Jin |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100330707 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3331-1089 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Sangho Lee |
| authorships[1].countries | KR |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Civil Engineering, Department of Sustainable Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0433kqc49 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | KR |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Pukyong National University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Sangho Lee |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Civil Engineering, Department of Sustainable Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5077569623 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6430-3471 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Taeuk Kang |
| authorships[2].countries | KR |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0433kqc49 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | KR |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Pukyong National University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Taeuk Kang |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5045070581 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Jongpyo Park |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Hydrology Engineering & Consulting Center, Korea Inc., 1304-1306, 233, Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08501, Republic of Korea |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Jongpyo Park |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Hydrology Engineering & Consulting Center, Korea Inc., 1304-1306, 233, Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08501, Republic of Korea |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5048747946 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4330-0348 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Yeulwoo Kim |
| authorships[4].countries | KR |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Civil Engineering, Department of Sustainable Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0433kqc49 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | KR |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Pukyong National University |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Yeulwoo Kim |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Civil Engineering, Department of Sustainable Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/1/186/pdf?version=1672908555 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2023-01-06T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Capacity Optimization of Rainwater Harvesting Systems Based on a Cost–Benefit Analysis: A Financial Support Program Review and Parametric Sensitivity Analysis |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11119 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9994000196456909 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2305 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Environmental Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Urban Stormwater Management Solutions |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4391375266, https://openalex.org/W4234110440, https://openalex.org/W4297672794, https://openalex.org/W4285708973, https://openalex.org/W2808236023, https://openalex.org/W1552178403, https://openalex.org/W2397988630, https://openalex.org/W3208361192, https://openalex.org/W2160728980, https://openalex.org/W3042603543 |
| cited_by_count | 18 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 7 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 8 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 3 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/w15010186 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S134216166 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2073-4441 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2073-4441 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Water |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/1/186/pdf?version=1672908555 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Water |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010186 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/w15010186 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S134216166 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2073-4441 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2073-4441 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Water |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/1/186/pdf?version=1672908555 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Water |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010186 |
| publication_date | 2023-01-02 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W1992896686, https://openalex.org/W2802770424, https://openalex.org/W1534664976, https://openalex.org/W1987524737, https://openalex.org/W2150239167, https://openalex.org/W2109399641, https://openalex.org/W4225706911, https://openalex.org/W1857908205, https://openalex.org/W3043070182, https://openalex.org/W2982065505, https://openalex.org/W2080028346, https://openalex.org/W2023165314, https://openalex.org/W2041262777, https://openalex.org/W2058856199, https://openalex.org/W3042251070, https://openalex.org/W6773883671, https://openalex.org/W4210413271, https://openalex.org/W4284895087, https://openalex.org/W2504410839, https://openalex.org/W7075607946, https://openalex.org/W2517503945, https://openalex.org/W2023286946, https://openalex.org/W2062596638, https://openalex.org/W3171529573, https://openalex.org/W4205482735, https://openalex.org/W4200198666, https://openalex.org/W1988691186, https://openalex.org/W3132827639, https://openalex.org/W4283158338, https://openalex.org/W4214946436, https://openalex.org/W3205311853, https://openalex.org/W4293200854, https://openalex.org/W2261283692, https://openalex.org/W2058349901, https://openalex.org/W2920498487, https://openalex.org/W3047002217, https://openalex.org/W3153811622, https://openalex.org/W3041796250, https://openalex.org/W4206903203, https://openalex.org/W3200787588, https://openalex.org/W3123119961, https://openalex.org/W3156571846, https://openalex.org/W6698235878, https://openalex.org/W6676058556, https://openalex.org/W6682642761, https://openalex.org/W2573137292, https://openalex.org/W2169245194, https://openalex.org/W6747761695, https://openalex.org/W6769160610, https://openalex.org/W2277289099, https://openalex.org/W2313207611, https://openalex.org/W2979391452, https://openalex.org/W3006785975, https://openalex.org/W4214917901, https://openalex.org/W2781721889 |
| referenced_works_count | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 81, 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 42, 72, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.On | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 132, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 107, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 51, 84, 123, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 13, 48, 63, 110, 140, 159, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 7, 18, 24, 60, 86, 105, 125, 131, 135, 145, 175, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.All | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Dam | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 10, 27, 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 78, 114, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.net | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.so, | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 31, 88, 108, 126, 137, 146, 151, 156, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all, | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lead | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.risk | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Based | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Thus, | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Water | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.among | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cost, | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.doing | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hand, | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rate, | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rates | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shown | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.still | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.value | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.water | 14, 20, 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.change | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ensure | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.future | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proper | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rates. | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio. | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rising | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.secure | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supply | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.value, | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Because | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.climate | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.funding | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.program | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.promote | 61, 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.support | 58, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system, | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems | 36, 50, 113, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.typical | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.although | 45, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applied. | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capacity | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consider | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discount | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disputes | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.economic | 46, 68, 138, 157, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimate | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.national | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.policies | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.priority | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problems | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.programs | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relative | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems, | 66, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems. | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.upstream | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis, | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benefits. | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determine | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluates | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.financial | 57, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increases | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inflation | 96, 127, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ownership | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performed | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rainwater | 34, 64, 111, 141, 160, 177, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resources | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sensitive | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uncertain | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.debatable. | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiency | 47, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.harvesting | 35, 65, 112, 142, 161, 178, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.immersion. | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.importance | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increasing | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameters | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resources. | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggested. | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ultimately | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.appropriate | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectively | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feasibility | 158, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified. | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recommended | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sensitivity | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.construction | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.continuously | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feasibility. | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.installation | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimization | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environmental | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overestimates | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significantly | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cost–benefit | 73, 148 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 96 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5048747946 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I8991828 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.5199999809265137 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Clean water and sanitation |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.88785216 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |