Characterization of transversely confined electron beam-generated plasma using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations Article Swipe
Qinchuang Cao
,
Jian Chen
,
Haomin Sun
,
Guangyu Sun
,
Shigui Liu
,
Chang Tan
,
Zhibin Wang
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166854
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166854
Electron beam-generated plasmas (EBPs) have been used to modify the surface properties. In certain applications, EBPs are transversely confined and their properties are of value to the treatment. In this paper, the characteristics of an electron beam-generated argon plasma, confined within a narrow gap, are investigated using a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. The employed particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model accounts for the electron and ion kinetics, as well as collisions between electrons and the background gas, including the elastic scattering, excitation, and impact ionization. Our simulations reveal a strong correlation between the plasma density and the beam density within the plasma bulk. The excitation of obliquely growing waves is observed, which is found to have a significant impact on the transport of beam electrons, thereby leading to the non-uniformities of plasma density and electron temperature. Specifically, the obliquely growing waves increase the local plasma density while reducing the electron temperature. These contrasting effects compensate for each other, and therefore, to some extent, smooth out the distributions of ion flux and energy flux. We further examine the variations of plasma parameters with respect to the beam current density, beam energy, and gas pressure. Increasing the beam current density or decreasing the beam energy results in higher plasma density and electron temperature, while increasing pressure leads to a higher plasma density but electron temperature scarcely changes. Based on the simulation results, we propose an approach to achieve independent control of the ion flux and energy flux by adjusting beam current density, beam energy, and pressure.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166854
- OA Status
- green
- Cited By
- 8
- References
- 34
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4387258713
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4387258713Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166854Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Characterization of transversely confined electron beam-generated plasma using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulationsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-10-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Qinchuang Cao, Jian Chen, Haomin Sun, Guangyu Sun, Shigui Liu, Chang Tan, Zhibin WangList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166854Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
greenOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/305815Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Atomic physics, Plasma, Physics, Electron, Particle-in-cell, Electron temperature, Ionization, Electron density, Beam (structure), Excitation, Ion, Optics, Nuclear physics, Quantum mechanicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
8Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1, 2024: 7Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
34Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4387258713 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166854 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166854 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4387258713 |
| fwci | 1.32707119 |
| type | article |
| title | Characterization of transversely confined electron beam-generated plasma using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G4550372716 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 12175322 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| biblio.issue | 10 |
| biblio.volume | 30 |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10781 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 1.0 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Plasma Diagnostics and Applications |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11603 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[1].score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3107 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics |
| topics[1].display_name | Dust and Plasma Wave Phenomena |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10159 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[2].score | 0.996999979019165 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| topics[2].display_name | Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01h0zpd94 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C184779094 |
| concepts[0].level | 1 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7206851243972778 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Atomic physics |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C82706917 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6427662372589111 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Plasma |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[2].level | 0 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6404388546943665 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C147120987 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6024181842803955 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Electron |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C8426674 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.49719002842903137 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2054543 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Particle-in-cell |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C22175881 |
| concepts[5].level | 3 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.496329128742218 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7201785 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Electron temperature |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C198291218 |
| concepts[6].level | 3 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.45722001791000366 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190382 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Ionization |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C125485243 |
| concepts[7].level | 3 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4469611942768097 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905186 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Electron density |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C168834538 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.43336406350135803 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Beam (structure) |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C83581075 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4311453700065613 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Excitation |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C145148216 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.36958080530166626 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Ion |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C120665830 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.11338472366333008 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Optics |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C185544564 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.05235260725021362 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Nuclear physics |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-physics |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7206851243972778 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Atomic physics |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6427662372589111 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Plasma |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6404388546943665 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electron |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6024181842803955 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Electron |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-in-cell |
| keywords[4].score | 0.49719002842903137 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Particle-in-cell |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-temperature |
| keywords[5].score | 0.496329128742218 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Electron temperature |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ionization |
| keywords[6].score | 0.45722001791000366 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Ionization |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-density |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4469611942768097 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Electron density |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/beam |
| keywords[8].score | 0.43336406350135803 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Beam (structure) |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/excitation |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4311453700065613 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Excitation |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ion |
| keywords[10].score | 0.36958080530166626 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Ion |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/optics |
| keywords[11].score | 0.11338472366333008 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Optics |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-physics |
| keywords[12].score | 0.05235260725021362 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Nuclear physics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1063/5.0166854 |
| locations[0].is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S66354037 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1070-664X, 1089-7674, 1527-2419 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1070-664X |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Physics of Plasmas |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320257 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | American Institute of Physics |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320257 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | American Institute of Physics |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Physics of Plasmas |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166854 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:305815 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400487 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | research article |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/305815 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5018462259 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0825-1447 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Qinchuang Cao |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Qinchuang Cao |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100326423 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9807-489X |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Jian Chen |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Jian Chen |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5081630755 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7403-6450 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Haomin Sun |
| authorships[2].countries | CH |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I5124864 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) 2 , CH-1015 Lausanne, |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I5124864 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02s376052 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2799323385, https://openalex.org/I5124864 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CH |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Haomin Sun |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) 2 , CH-1015 Lausanne, |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5066056671 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Guangyu Sun |
| authorships[3].countries | CH |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I5124864 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) 2 , CH-1015 Lausanne, |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I5124864 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02s376052 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2799323385, https://openalex.org/I5124864 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CH |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Guangyu Sun |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) 2 , CH-1015 Lausanne, |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5079018392 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Shigui Liu |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics and Applied Technology, Xi'an 710100, China |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi'an 710100, China |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Shigui Liu |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics and Applied Technology, Xi'an 710100, China, Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi'an 710100, China |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5102939595 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3958-9900 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Chang Tan |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi'an 710100, China |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics and Applied Technology, Xi'an 710100, China |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Chang Tan |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics and Applied Technology, Xi'an 710100, China, Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi'an 710100, China |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100332287 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6812-7855 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Zhibin Wang |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China |
| authorships[6].author_position | last |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Zhibin Wang |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/305815 |
| open_access.oa_status | green |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Characterization of transversely confined electron beam-generated plasma using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10781 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 1.0 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Plasma Diagnostics and Applications |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2104900374, https://openalex.org/W1963877390, https://openalex.org/W1968921373, https://openalex.org/W2530524105, https://openalex.org/W4242477352, https://openalex.org/W2387562484, https://openalex.org/W2091887090, https://openalex.org/W2374755108, https://openalex.org/W2908899511, https://openalex.org/W2050304945 |
| cited_by_count | 8 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 7 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:305815 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400487 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | |
| best_oa_location.source.type | repository |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | False |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | submittedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | research article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | False |
| best_oa_location.is_published | False |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/305815 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1063/5.0166854 |
| primary_location.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S66354037 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1070-664X, 1089-7674, 1527-2419 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1070-664X |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Physics of Plasmas |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320257 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | American Institute of Physics |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320257 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | American Institute of Physics |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Physics of Plasmas |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166854 |
| publication_date | 2023-10-01 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W1991895705, https://openalex.org/W2087714574, https://openalex.org/W2078157873, https://openalex.org/W2716732298, https://openalex.org/W4206436148, https://openalex.org/W3036716349, https://openalex.org/W3091619018, https://openalex.org/W2885583077, https://openalex.org/W2098386347, https://openalex.org/W2074997311, https://openalex.org/W4224438770, https://openalex.org/W4295136360, https://openalex.org/W2528144168, https://openalex.org/W2138012154, https://openalex.org/W2234868875, https://openalex.org/W2267086138, https://openalex.org/W2611358192, https://openalex.org/W4376107377, https://openalex.org/W4225010676, https://openalex.org/W2948852347, https://openalex.org/W1553025539, https://openalex.org/W4387959888, https://openalex.org/W3170648056, https://openalex.org/W2976591829, https://openalex.org/W2063998246, https://openalex.org/W4295846570, https://openalex.org/W4295712050, https://openalex.org/W2036534577, https://openalex.org/W1982555458, https://openalex.org/W2151733079, https://openalex.org/W2090807358, https://openalex.org/W4308541740, https://openalex.org/W2154908428, https://openalex.org/W3104542125 |
| referenced_works_count | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 41, 47, 85, 113, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 12, 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 34, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 64, 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 106, 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 23, 33, 102, 119, 127, 164, 175, 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 116, 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 7, 25, 111, 124, 157, 180, 212, 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Our | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 51, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 19, 61, 70, 79, 92, 130, 155, 167, 187, 205, 239, 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 16, 22, 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 58, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gas | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ion | 62, 165, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.out | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 9, 26, 31, 59, 71, 75, 89, 93, 97, 117, 125, 134, 139, 145, 162, 173, 181, 191, 197, 224, 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.EBPs | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.beam | 94, 120, 182, 185, 192, 198, 244, 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flux | 166, 238, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gap, | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gas, | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 4, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.some | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Based | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Carlo | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.argon | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bulk. | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flux. | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.found | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leads | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.local | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.value | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.waves | 105, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 143, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(EBPs) | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy | 168, 199, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 202, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 80, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modify | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.narrow | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other, | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper, | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plasma | 90, 98, 128, 141, 176, 203, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reveal | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.smooth | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strong | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 40, 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieve | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 68, 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.certain | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 183, 193, 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.density | 91, 95, 129, 142, 194, 204, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effects | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.elastic | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy, | 186, 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examine | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extent, | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.growing | 104, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leading | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plasma, | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plasmas | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propose | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respect | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surface | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thereby | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Electron | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accounts | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.changes. | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.confined | 18, 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.density, | 184, 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electron | 35, 60, 131, 146, 206, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employed | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increase | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pressure | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reducing | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results, | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scarcely | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adjusting | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collision | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electrons | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kinetics, | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obliquely | 103, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observed, | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pressure. | 189, 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transport | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Increasing | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.background | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collisions | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compensate | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decreasing | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electrons, | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.excitation | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increasing | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameters | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.properties | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulation | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.therefore, | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.treatment. | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variations | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contrasting | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correlation | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.excitation, | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.independent | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ionization. | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.properties. | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scattering, | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulation. | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperature | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigated | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperature, | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temperature. | 132, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transversely | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Specifically, | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications, | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distributions | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.beam-generated | 1, 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characteristics | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two-dimensional | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-uniformities | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particle-in-cell | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particle-in-cell/Monte | 53 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8999999761581421 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.79956281 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |