Chatbots and Diabetes: Is There Gender Bias? Article Swipe
Gloria Wu
,
Shikha Tewari
,
Adrial Wong
,
Eunah Chung
,
Ivan Chim
,
Ngoc Bich Hoang
,
Nikki Mansubi
,
Alireza Shams
,
Milan Del Buono
,
Shylaja Srinivasan
,
Hrishi Paliath-Pathiyal
,
Owais Khan
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954
This study evaluated 4 leading Large Language Models’ (LLMs) (ChatGPT-o1, DeepSeek-v3, Gemini 2.0 Flash, and Claude 3.7 Sonnet) responses to a question about Diabetic Retinopathy. Methods: The following questions were posed to the 4 LLMS: “I am a 52-year-old Caucasian [male/female] with out-of-control Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and I recently cannot read small print. What should I do?” We analyzed each response using Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level scoring and conducted a content analysis of the responses to evaluate for clinical terminology frequency, healthcare recommendations, and privacy considerations. Results: All platforms generated content at high school to college grade reading levels, exceeding recommended sixth-grade health literacy guidelines. DeepSeek incorporated more specialized clinical terminology and referenced specific diabetes guidelines not mentioned by ChatGPT, and exhibited greater gender discrepancy than the other 3 LLMs. Conclusion: While LLMs demonstrate promising capabilities for diabetes education, our results indicated that improvements in readability, gender bias mitigation, and risk of inappropriate output remain essential. Healthcare providers and physicians must review and monitor the answers before sharing with patients.
Related Topics
Concepts
No concepts available.
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954
- OA Status
- diamond
- References
- 21
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4414471875
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4414471875Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Chatbots and Diabetes: Is There Gender Bias?Work title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-09-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Gloria Wu, Shikha Tewari, Adrial Wong, Eunah Chung, Ivan Chim, Ngoc Bich Hoang, Nikki Mansubi, Alireza Shams, Milan Del Buono, Shylaja Srinivasan, Hrishi Paliath-Pathiyal, Owais KhanList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
diamondOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954Direct OA link when available
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- References (count)
-
21Number of works referenced by this work
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4414471875 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4414471875 |
| fwci | 0.0 |
| type | article |
| title | Chatbots and Diabetes: Is There Gender Bias? |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 12 |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11446 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/36 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Health Professions |
| topics[0].score | 0.9940999746322632 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3600 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | General Health Professions |
| topics[0].display_name | Mobile Health and mHealth Applications |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11519 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Psychology |
| topics[1].score | 0.9807000160217285 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3202 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Applied Psychology |
| topics[1].display_name | Digital Mental Health Interventions |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12128 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9297000169754028 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[2].display_name | AI in Service Interactions |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1177/23743735251380954 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210218228 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2374-3735, 2374-3743 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2374-3735 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Journal of Patient Experience |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | SAGE Publishing |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Journal of Patient Experience |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2b97b39eedaf4c5a93402f45a1f5e636 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Journal of Patient Experience, Vol 12 (2025) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/2b97b39eedaf4c5a93402f45a1f5e636 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5036304994 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0050-2401 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Gloria Wu |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I180670191 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I180670191 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/043mz5j54 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I180670191 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, San Francisco |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Gloria Wu |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5032067327 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-333X |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Shikha Tewari |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I154570441 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Isla Vista, CA, USA |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I154570441 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02t274463 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I154570441 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, Santa Barbara |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Swara Tewari |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Isla Vista, CA, USA |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5051872274 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6566-5315 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Adrial Wong |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05rrcem69 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, Davis |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Adrial Wong |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5091169394 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4020-5863 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Eunah Chung |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I111088046 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I111088046 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05qwgg493 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I111088046 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Boston University |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Emily Chung |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5118646261 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Ivan Chim |
| authorships[4].countries | US |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I36258959 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I36258959 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0168r3w48 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I36258959 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, San Diego |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Ivan Chim |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5085841822 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0513-5823 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Ngoc Bich Hoang |
| authorships[5].countries | US |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05rrcem69 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I84218800 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, Davis |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Brian Hoang |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5093011199 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Nikki Mansubi |
| authorships[6].countries | US |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I51504820 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I51504820 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04qyvz380 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I51504820 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | San Jose State University |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Nikki Mansubi |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Biology, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101449564 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | Alireza Shams |
| authorships[7].countries | US |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I180670191 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I180670191 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/043mz5j54 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I180670191 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, San Francisco |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | Adam Shams |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5113419327 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | Milan Del Buono |
| authorships[8].countries | US |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I95457486 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I95457486 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01an7q238 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I95457486 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, Berkeley |
| authorships[8].author_position | middle |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | Milan Del Buono |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA |
| authorships[9].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5009340358 |
| authorships[9].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8049-6370 |
| authorships[9].author.display_name | Shylaja Srinivasan |
| authorships[9].countries | US |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I180670191 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I180670191 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/043mz5j54 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I180670191 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, San Francisco |
| authorships[9].author_position | middle |
| authorships[9].raw_author_name | Sahana Srinivasan |
| authorships[9].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[9].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA |
| authorships[10].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5118597326 |
| authorships[10].author.orcid | |
| authorships[10].author.display_name | Hrishi Paliath-Pathiyal |
| authorships[10].countries | US |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I203088144 |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I203088144 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042bbge36 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I203088144 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].display_name | Nova Southeastern University |
| authorships[10].author_position | middle |
| authorships[10].raw_author_name | Hrishi Paliath-Pathiyal |
| authorships[10].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[10].raw_affiliation_strings | Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA |
| authorships[11].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5109458306 |
| authorships[11].author.orcid | |
| authorships[11].author.display_name | Owais Khan |
| authorships[11].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Osteopathic Medicine, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA, USA |
| authorships[11].author_position | last |
| authorships[11].raw_author_name | Obaid Khan |
| authorships[11].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[11].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Osteopathic Medicine, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA, USA |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954 |
| open_access.oa_status | diamond |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Chatbots and Diabetes: Is There Gender Bias? |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11446 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/36 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Health Professions |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9940999746322632 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3600 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | General Health Professions |
| primary_topic.display_name | Mobile Health and mHealth Applications |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1177/23743735251380954 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210218228 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2374-3735, 2374-3743 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2374-3735 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Journal of Patient Experience |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | SAGE Publishing |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Journal of Patient Experience |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1177/23743735251380954 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210218228 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2374-3735, 2374-3743 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2374-3735 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Journal of Patient Experience |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | SAGE Publishing |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Journal of Patient Experience |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251380954 |
| publication_date | 2025-09-01 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2965117500, https://openalex.org/W2084678823, https://openalex.org/W2096648979, https://openalex.org/W2218255915, https://openalex.org/W4407605931, https://openalex.org/W4408279487, https://openalex.org/W4387616550, https://openalex.org/W2611652454, https://openalex.org/W4390227104, https://openalex.org/W4393029358, https://openalex.org/W2147057955, https://openalex.org/W4408781477, https://openalex.org/W4403583423, https://openalex.org/W4401831663, https://openalex.org/W2980742309, https://openalex.org/W4405326640, https://openalex.org/W4407680770, https://openalex.org/W4386776401, https://openalex.org/W4307370122, https://openalex.org/W4404233233, https://openalex.org/W4311102276 |
| referenced_works_count | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2 | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3 | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4 | 3, 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.I | 48, 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 20, 37, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.am | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 72, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 19, 31, 75, 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2.0 | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3.7 | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.All | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 14, 47, 67, 83, 111, 120, 149, 158, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 77, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 32, 73, 126, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LLMs | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Type | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.What | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bias | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.must | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.read | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.risk | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 41, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.“I | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Grade | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LLMS: | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LLMs. | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Large | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Level | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.While | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.about | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grade | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.posed | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LLMs) | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Claude | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Flash, | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Gemini | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.before | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cannot | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.do?” | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gender | 123, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.health | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.output | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.print. | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remain | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.school | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Sonnet) | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.answers | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.college | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.content | 70, 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.greater | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leading | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.levels, | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.monitor | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.privacy | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reading | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scoring | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sharing | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ChatGPT, | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DeepSeek | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Diabetes | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Diabetic | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Language | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods: | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results: | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzed | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 78, 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diabetes | 114, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.literacy | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.question | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recently | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Caucasian | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Mellitus, | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Models’ | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluated | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exceeding | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exhibited | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.following | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generated | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicated | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mentioned | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients. | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.platforms | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.promising | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.providers | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.questions | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.responses | 18, 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Healthcare | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.education, | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.essential. | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.frequency, | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guidelines | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.healthcare | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physicians | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.referenced | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.52-year-old | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusion: | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discrepancy | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guidelines. | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mitigation, | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recommended | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sixth-grade | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specialized | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.terminology | 79, 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ChatGPT-o1, | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DeepSeek-v3, | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Retinopathy. | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capabilities | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improvements | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.incorporated | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.readability, | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.[male/female] | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inappropriate | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Flesch-Kincaid | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.out-of-control | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considerations. | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recommendations, | 82 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 12 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.61016064 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |