Chip-level mass detection for micro-LED displays based on regression analysis and deep learning Article Swipe
Hung-Yi Chiang
,
Szu-An Chen
,
Jyun-Jhe Chou
,
Kuan‐Heng Lin
,
Yihong Chen
,
Chi‐Sheng Shih
,
Jian‐Jang Huang
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688
Though micro-light-emitting diode (micro-LED) displays are regarded as the next-generation emerging display technology, challenges such as defects in LED's light output power and radiation patterns are critical to the commercialization success. Here we propose an electroluminescence mass detection method to examine the light output quality from the on-wafer LED arrays before they are transferred to the display substrate. The mass detection method consists of two stages. In the first stage, the luminescent image is captured by a camera by mounting an ITO (indium-tin oxide) transparent conducting glass on the LED wafer. Due to the resistance of the ITO contact pads and on-wafer n-type electrodes, we develop a calibration method based on the circuit model to predict the current flow on each LED. The light output power of each device is thus calibrated back by multi-variable regression analysis. The analysis results in an average variation as low as 6.89% for devices predicted from luminescent image capturing and actual optical power measurement. We also examine the defective or non-uniform micro-LED radiation profiles by constructing a 2-D convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The optimized model is determined among three different approaches. The CNN model can recognize 99.45% functioning LEDs, and show a precision of 96.29% for correctly predicting good devices.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 5
- References
- 25
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4391354039
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4391354039Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Chip-level mass detection for micro-LED displays based on regression analysis and deep learningWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-01-30Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Hung-Yi Chiang, Szu-An Chen, Jyun-Jhe Chou, Kuan‐Heng Lin, Yihong Chen, Chi‐Sheng Shih, Jian‐Jang HuangList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Light-emitting diode, Materials science, Optoelectronics, Wafer, Diode, Calibration, Computer science, Indium tin oxide, Substrate (aquarium), Optics, Artificial intelligence, Nanotechnology, Physics, Thin film, Geology, Quantum mechanics, OceanographyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
5Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 4, 2024: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
25Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4391354039 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38571129 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4391354039 |
| fwci | 1.84584236 |
| type | article |
| title | Chip-level mass detection for micro-LED displays based on regression analysis and deep learning |
| biblio.issue | 6 |
| biblio.volume | 32 |
| biblio.last_page | 8804 |
| biblio.first_page | 8804 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10623 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.998199999332428 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Thin-Film Transistor Technologies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10099 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[1].score | 0.9973000288009644 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3104 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Condensed Matter Physics |
| topics[1].display_name | GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10338 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9937999844551086 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2204 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Biomedical Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320324572 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/0564r0810 |
| funders[0].display_name | AU Optronics |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2270 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2270 |
| apc_paid.value | 2270 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2270 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C176666156 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.698951244354248 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Light-emitting diode |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C192562407 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5985674858093262 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Materials science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C49040817 |
| concepts[2].level | 1 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5639714002609253 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Optoelectronics |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C160671074 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5636376142501831 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267131 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Wafer |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C78434282 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4912390112876892 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Diode |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C165838908 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.46872055530548096 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Calibration |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4527471661567688 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C32737372 |
| concepts[7].level | 3 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4521782398223877 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417718 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Indium tin oxide |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2777289219 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4436420798301697 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Substrate (aquarium) |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C120665830 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4368976950645447 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Optics |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.3366638720035553 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C171250308 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.1405279040336609 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Nanotechnology |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[12].level | 0 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.12896126508712769 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C19067145 |
| concepts[13].level | 2 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.09578341245651245 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137203 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Thin film |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C127313418 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Geology |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C111368507 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Oceanography |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode |
| keywords[0].score | 0.698951244354248 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Light-emitting diode |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5985674858093262 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Materials science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5639714002609253 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Optoelectronics |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/wafer |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5636376142501831 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Wafer |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/diode |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4912390112876892 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Diode |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration |
| keywords[5].score | 0.46872055530548096 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Calibration |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4527471661567688 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/indium-tin-oxide |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4521782398223877 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Indium tin oxide |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/substrate |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4436420798301697 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Substrate (aquarium) |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/optics |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4368976950645447 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Optics |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[10].score | 0.3366638720035553 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology |
| keywords[11].score | 0.1405279040336609 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Nanotechnology |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[12].score | 0.12896126508712769 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/thin-film |
| keywords[13].score | 0.09578341245651245 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Thin film |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1364/oe.515688 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S178776955 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1094-4087 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1094-4087 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Optics Express |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Optica Publishing Group |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Optica Publishing Group |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Optics Express |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:38571129 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Optics express |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38571129 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5084549054 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Hung-Yi Chiang |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Hung-Yi Chiang |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5013884351 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1270-4788 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Szu-An Chen |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Szu-An Chen |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5113108042 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Jyun-Jhe Chou |
| authorships[2].countries | TW |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I16733864 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I16733864 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05bqach95 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I16733864 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | TW |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | National Taiwan University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Jyun-Jhe Chou |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5110487132 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Kuan‐Heng Lin |
| authorships[3].countries | TW |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I16733864 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I16733864 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05bqach95 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I16733864 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | TW |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | National Taiwan University |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Kuan-Heng Lin |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100615554 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5164-7495 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Yihong Chen |
| authorships[4].countries | TW |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125732723 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | AU Optronics Corporation |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125732723 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0564r0810 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | company |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125732723 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | TW |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | AU Optronics (Taiwan) |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Yi-Hong Chen |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | AU Optronics Corporation |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5057633046 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8936-8255 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Chi‐Sheng Shih |
| authorships[5].countries | TW |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125732723 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | AU Optronics Corporation |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125732723 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0564r0810 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | company |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125732723 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | TW |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | AU Optronics (Taiwan) |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Chi-Sheng Shih |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | AU Optronics Corporation |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5043148329 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5761-2177 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Jian‐Jang Huang |
| authorships[6].countries | TW |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I16733864 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | National Taiwan University |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I16733864 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05bqach95 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I16733864 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | TW |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | National Taiwan University |
| authorships[6].author_position | last |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Jian-Jang Huang |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | National Taiwan University |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Chip-level mass detection for micro-LED displays based on regression analysis and deep learning |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10623 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.998199999332428 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Thin-Film Transistor Technologies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W3042595473, https://openalex.org/W2082745643, https://openalex.org/W2392123845, https://openalex.org/W2123219307, https://openalex.org/W2058908375, https://openalex.org/W1998662473, https://openalex.org/W1988252515, https://openalex.org/W2075391483, https://openalex.org/W2049354487, https://openalex.org/W1998065921 |
| cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1364/oe.515688 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S178776955 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1094-4087 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1094-4087 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Optics Express |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Optica Publishing Group |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Optica Publishing Group |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Optics Express |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1364/oe.515688 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S178776955 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1094-4087 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1094-4087 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Optics Express |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Optica Publishing Group |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Optica Publishing Group |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Optics Express |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.515688 |
| publication_date | 2024-01-30 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W3204422897, https://openalex.org/W1986523137, https://openalex.org/W2142552670, https://openalex.org/W3107497314, https://openalex.org/W2775760767, https://openalex.org/W2625622052, https://openalex.org/W2903315332, https://openalex.org/W2890340907, https://openalex.org/W3036700343, https://openalex.org/W3144343690, https://openalex.org/W3020408682, https://openalex.org/W3112417967, https://openalex.org/W3033123329, https://openalex.org/W4308730730, https://openalex.org/W4221089678, https://openalex.org/W2526365717, https://openalex.org/W6789214068, https://openalex.org/W3007869460, https://openalex.org/W3031640269, https://openalex.org/W4211177244, https://openalex.org/W4293075756, https://openalex.org/W2892111890, https://openalex.org/W2806800531, https://openalex.org/W3082925599, https://openalex.org/W3121216841 |
| referenced_works_count | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 76, 106, 172, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 34, 80, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 7, 15, 144, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 75, 78, 133, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 17, 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 73, 129, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 63, 95, 126, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 87, 110, 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 27, 39, 54, 92, 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 32, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2-D | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CNN | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Due | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ITO | 81, 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LED | 48, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 58, 122, 137, 179, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 22, 100, 155, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 5, 25, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 148, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 8, 28, 41, 46, 55, 67, 70, 88, 93, 96, 111, 116, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LED. | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.back | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 120, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flow | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 45, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.good | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mass | 36, 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pads | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.they | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thus | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CNN) | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.6.89% | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LED's | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LEDs, | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.among | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diode | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.glass | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.image | 72, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.light | 19, 42, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 113, 181, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power | 21, 125, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.96.29% | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.99.45% | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Though | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actual | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arrays | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.before | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.camera | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.device | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method | 38, 61, 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model. | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.n-type | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neural | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.output | 20, 43, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.oxide) | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stage, | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wafer. | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.average | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.circuit | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contact | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.defects | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.develop | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.devices | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.display | 11, 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examine | 40, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optical | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predict | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propose | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quality | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stages. | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.captured | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consists | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.critical | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.devices. | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.displays | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emerging | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mounting | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on-wafer | 47, 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patterns | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.profiles | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regarded | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.success. | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis. | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capturing | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correctly | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.defective | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detection | 37, 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.micro-LED | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimized | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precision | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predicted | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radiation | 23, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recognize | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variation | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibrated | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenges | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducting | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determined | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predicting | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regression | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resistance | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substrate. | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(indium-tin | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(micro-LED) | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approaches. | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibration | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electrodes, | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functioning | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.luminescent | 71, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-uniform | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technology, | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transferred | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transparent | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constructing | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurement. | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.convolutional | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multi-variable | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.next-generation | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.commercialization | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electroluminescence | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.micro-light-emitting | 1 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.5400000214576721 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Climate action |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.80719619 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |