Classification of Seafloor Sediment in Northern Slope of South China Sea based on Improved U-Net and K-Means Clustering Analysis Article Swipe

PDF

Qingjie Zhou , Xishuang Li , Lejun Liu , Jingqiang Wang , L. Zhang , Baohua Liu ·

YOU? · · 2023 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1

The determination and classification of seafloor sediment types are crucial for the exploitation of marine resources, construction of marine engineering, and maintenance of marine ecological en-vironments. Automatic classification of seafloor sediment based on acoustic telemetry data is an important method to quickly understand the type of a large range of sediment. Currently, most studies on sediment classification are based on multi-beam backscattering intensity data, which is a relatively single data type. Besides, the low-dimensional details of standard U-Net gradually weaken in the propagation process, limiting the accuracy of sediment classification. Therefore, this study proposes an automatic classification method of seafloor sediment types based on an im-proved U-Net and K-means clustering algorithm, using multi-beam water depth, sub-bottom profile, and sample test data in the Northern Slope of the South China Sea. Six sediment types, including gravelly muddy sand, sand, silty sand, less muddy silt, muddy silt, and silty mud, were identified in the study area. Additionally, the study area was divided into four sedimentary en-vironment zones, including the shelf sedimentary area, the upper shelf slope break sedimentary area, the lower shelf slope break mixed sedimentary area, and the slope deposition area, based on the results of sediment classification and geological background. The sedimentary environment zones were found to be distributed along the trend of the shelf slope break line. The results of this study not only provide an important supplement to the existing classification methods of seafloor sediments but also contribute to the understanding of the sedimentary environment and process of the Northern Slope of the South China Sea.

Related Topics

Concepts

Sedimentary rock Sediment Geology Seafloor spreading Silt Deposition (geology) Geomorphology Oceanography Geochemistry

Metadata

Type: preprint
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1
PDF: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.2240/v1/download
OA Status: green
Cited By: 2
References: 28
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4378800436

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4378800436

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Classification of Seafloor Sediment in Northern Slope of South China Sea based on Improved U-Net and K-Means Clustering Analysis

Work title
Type: preprint

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2023

Year of publication
Publication date: 2023-05-31

Full publication date if available
Authors: Qingjie Zhou, Xishuang Li, Lejun Liu, Jingqiang Wang, L. Zhang, Baohua Liu

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.2240/v1/download

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: green

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.2240/v1/download

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Sedimentary rock, Sediment, Geology, Seafloor spreading, Silt, Deposition (geology), Geomorphology, Oceanography, Geochemistry

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 2

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2025: 1, 2023: 1

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
References (count): 28

Number of works referenced by this work
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4378800436
doi	https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4378800436
fwci	0.58798782
type	preprint
title	Classification of Seafloor Sediment in Northern Slope of South China Sea based on Improved U-Net and K-Means Clustering Analysis
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page
biblio.first_page
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T11698
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/19
topics[0].field.display_name	Earth and Planetary Sciences
topics[0].score	0.9692999720573425
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[0].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1910
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Oceanography
topics[0].display_name	Underwater Acoustics Research
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C6494504
concepts[0].level	2
concepts[0].score	0.7836705446243286
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82480
concepts[0].display_name	Sedimentary rock
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C2816523
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.7734087705612183
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184
concepts[1].display_name	Sediment
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C127313418
concepts[2].level	0
concepts[2].score	0.7652347683906555
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069
concepts[2].display_name	Geology
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C117485682
concepts[3].level	2
concepts[3].score	0.7275257110595703
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215920
concepts[3].display_name	Seafloor spreading
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C161222754
concepts[4].level	2
concepts[4].score	0.6351762413978577
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270699
concepts[4].display_name	Silt
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C64297162
concepts[5].level	3
concepts[5].score	0.4459892213344574
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070
concepts[5].display_name	Deposition (geology)
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C114793014
concepts[6].level	1
concepts[6].score	0.3448951542377472
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109
concepts[6].display_name	Geomorphology
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C111368507
concepts[7].level	1
concepts[7].score	0.2782585024833679
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518
concepts[7].display_name	Oceanography
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C17409809
concepts[8].level	1
concepts[8].score	0.1763080358505249
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764
concepts[8].display_name	Geochemistry
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/sedimentary-rock
keywords[0].score	0.7836705446243286
keywords[0].display_name	Sedimentary rock
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/sediment
keywords[1].score	0.7734087705612183
keywords[1].display_name	Sediment
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/geology
keywords[2].score	0.7652347683906555
keywords[2].display_name	Geology
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/seafloor-spreading
keywords[3].score	0.7275257110595703
keywords[3].display_name	Seafloor spreading
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/silt
keywords[4].score	0.6351762413978577
keywords[4].display_name	Silt
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/deposition
keywords[5].score	0.4459892213344574
keywords[5].display_name	Deposition (geology)
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology
keywords[6].score	0.3448951542377472
keywords[6].display_name	Geomorphology
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography
keywords[7].score	0.2782585024833679
keywords[7].display_name	Oceanography
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/geochemistry
keywords[8].score	0.1763080358505249
keywords[8].display_name	Geochemistry
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S6309402219
locations[0].source.issn
locations[0].source.type	repository
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l
locations[0].source.is_core	False
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[0].source.display_name	Preprints.org
locations[0].source.host_organization
locations[0].source.host_organization_name
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310310987
locations[0].license	cc-by
locations[0].pdf_url	https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.2240/v1/download
locations[0].version	acceptedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	posted-content
locations[0].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	False
locations[0].raw_source_name
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1
indexed_in	crossref
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5103029317
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-6900
authorships[0].author.display_name	Qingjie Zhou
authorships[0].countries	CN
authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[0].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[0].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01y34t753
authorships[0].institutions[0].type	facility
authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I211433327, https://openalex.org/I4210114556, https://openalex.org/I4210127390
authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name	First Institute of Oceanography
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Qingjie Zhou
authorships[0].is_corresponding	True
authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5021325550
authorships[1].author.orcid
authorships[1].author.display_name	Xishuang Li
authorships[1].countries	CN
authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[1].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[1].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01y34t753
authorships[1].institutions[0].type	facility
authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I211433327, https://openalex.org/I4210114556, https://openalex.org/I4210127390
authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name	First Institute of Oceanography
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Xishuang Li
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5014939683
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0921-8551
authorships[2].author.display_name	Lejun Liu
authorships[2].countries	CN
authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[2].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[2].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01y34t753
authorships[2].institutions[0].type	facility
authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I211433327, https://openalex.org/I4210114556, https://openalex.org/I4210127390
authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name	First Institute of Oceanography
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Lejun Liu
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5083124918
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-1352
authorships[3].author.display_name	Jingqiang Wang
authorships[3].countries	CN
authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[3].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[3].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01y34t753
authorships[3].institutions[0].type	facility
authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I211433327, https://openalex.org/I4210114556, https://openalex.org/I4210127390
authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name	First Institute of Oceanography
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Jingqiang Wang
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5012311626
authorships[4].author.orcid
authorships[4].author.display_name	L. Zhang
authorships[4].countries	CN
authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[4].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
authorships[4].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/01y34t753
authorships[4].institutions[0].type	facility
authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I211433327, https://openalex.org/I4210114556, https://openalex.org/I4210127390
authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name	First Institute of Oceanography
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Linqing Zhang
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings	Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China;
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5100701003
authorships[5].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8065-9723
authorships[5].author.display_name	Baohua Liu
authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	National Deep Sea Center, State Ocean Administration, Qingdao,266237, PR China;
authorships[5].author_position	last
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Baohua Liu
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings	National Deep Sea Center, State Ocean Administration, Qingdao,266237, PR China;
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	True
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.2240/v1/download
open_access.oa_status	green
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Classification of Seafloor Sediment in Northern Slope of South China Sea based on Improved U-Net and K-Means Clustering Analysis
has_fulltext	True
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T11698
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/19
primary_topic.field.display_name	Earth and Planetary Sciences
primary_topic.score	0.9692999720573425
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1910
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Oceanography
primary_topic.display_name	Underwater Acoustics Research
related_works	https://openalex.org/W4248042336, https://openalex.org/W2800679694, https://openalex.org/W4235308773, https://openalex.org/W2064212758, https://openalex.org/W2801231069, https://openalex.org/W2364850309, https://openalex.org/W4253875906, https://openalex.org/W2161859273, https://openalex.org/W1964111016, https://openalex.org/W4378800436
cited_by_count	2
counts_by_year[0].year	2025
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	1
counts_by_year[1].year	2023
counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count	1
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S6309402219
best_oa_location.source.issn
best_oa_location.source.type	repository
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l
best_oa_location.source.is_core	False
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	Preprints.org
best_oa_location.source.host_organization
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310310987
best_oa_location.license	cc-by
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.2240/v1/download
best_oa_location.version	acceptedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	posted-content
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	False
best_oa_location.raw_source_name
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1
primary_location.id	doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S6309402219
primary_location.source.issn
primary_location.source.type	repository
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l
primary_location.source.is_core	False
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
primary_location.source.display_name	Preprints.org
primary_location.source.host_organization
primary_location.source.host_organization_name
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310310987
primary_location.license	cc-by
primary_location.pdf_url	https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202305.2240/v1/download
primary_location.version	acceptedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	posted-content
primary_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	False
primary_location.raw_source_name
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.2240.v1
publication_date	2023-05-31
publication_year	2023
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W4378800436, https://openalex.org/W2150548008, https://openalex.org/W2038432816, https://openalex.org/W2034621355, https://openalex.org/W4250164376, https://openalex.org/W7075635107, https://openalex.org/W2767879706, https://openalex.org/W4315701642, https://openalex.org/W1965674600, https://openalex.org/W2149142490, https://openalex.org/W2100352351, https://openalex.org/W2017218476, https://openalex.org/W6700903540, https://openalex.org/W2785752482, https://openalex.org/W2960983756, https://openalex.org/W4377097454, https://openalex.org/W1901129140, https://openalex.org/W2095155772, https://openalex.org/W2163605009, https://openalex.org/W1903029394, https://openalex.org/W2139726734, https://openalex.org/W2091974950, https://openalex.org/W7056032825, https://openalex.org/W2065316610, https://openalex.org/W2606981059, https://openalex.org/W2118871222, https://openalex.org/W2367489838, https://openalex.org/W2377028912
referenced_works_count	28
abstract_inverted_index.a	46, 66
abstract_inverted_index.an	37, 94, 104, 226
abstract_inverted_index.be	207
abstract_inverted_index.in	80, 121, 150
abstract_inverted_index.is	36, 65
abstract_inverted_index.of	4, 13, 17, 22, 28, 45, 49, 75, 87, 98, 125, 194, 212, 220, 234, 243, 249, 253
abstract_inverted_index.on	32, 54, 59, 103, 191
abstract_inverted_index.to	40, 206, 229, 240
abstract_inverted_index.Six	130
abstract_inverted_index.The	0, 200, 218
abstract_inverted_index.and	2, 20, 107, 117, 145, 185, 197, 247
abstract_inverted_index.are	8, 57
abstract_inverted_index.but	237
abstract_inverted_index.for	10
abstract_inverted_index.not	223
abstract_inverted_index.the	11, 43, 72, 81, 85, 122, 126, 151, 155, 166, 170, 177, 186, 192, 210, 213, 230, 241, 244, 250, 254
abstract_inverted_index.was	158
abstract_inverted_index.Sea.	129, 257
abstract_inverted_index.also	238
abstract_inverted_index.area	157
abstract_inverted_index.data	35, 69, 120
abstract_inverted_index.four	161
abstract_inverted_index.into	160
abstract_inverted_index.less	140
abstract_inverted_index.most	52
abstract_inverted_index.mud,	147
abstract_inverted_index.only	224
abstract_inverted_index.test	119
abstract_inverted_index.this	91, 221
abstract_inverted_index.type	44
abstract_inverted_index.were	148, 204
abstract_inverted_index.China	128, 256
abstract_inverted_index.Slope	124, 252
abstract_inverted_index.South	127, 255
abstract_inverted_index.U-Net	77, 106
abstract_inverted_index.along	209
abstract_inverted_index.area,	169, 176, 184, 189
abstract_inverted_index.area.	153
abstract_inverted_index.based	31, 58, 102, 190
abstract_inverted_index.break	174, 181, 216
abstract_inverted_index.data,	63
abstract_inverted_index.found	205
abstract_inverted_index.large	47
abstract_inverted_index.line.	217
abstract_inverted_index.lower	178
abstract_inverted_index.mixed	182
abstract_inverted_index.muddy	135, 141, 143
abstract_inverted_index.range	48
abstract_inverted_index.sand,	136, 137, 139
abstract_inverted_index.shelf	167, 172, 179, 214
abstract_inverted_index.silt,	142, 144
abstract_inverted_index.silty	138, 146
abstract_inverted_index.slope	173, 180, 187, 215
abstract_inverted_index.study	92, 152, 156, 222
abstract_inverted_index.trend	211
abstract_inverted_index.type.	70
abstract_inverted_index.types	7, 101
abstract_inverted_index.upper	171
abstract_inverted_index.using	111
abstract_inverted_index.water	113
abstract_inverted_index.which	64
abstract_inverted_index.zones	203
abstract_inverted_index.depth,	114
abstract_inverted_index.marine	14, 18, 23
abstract_inverted_index.method	39, 97
abstract_inverted_index.sample	118
abstract_inverted_index.single	68
abstract_inverted_index.types,	132
abstract_inverted_index.weaken	79
abstract_inverted_index.zones,	164
abstract_inverted_index.K-means	108
abstract_inverted_index.crucial	9
abstract_inverted_index.details	74
abstract_inverted_index.divided	159
abstract_inverted_index.methods	233
abstract_inverted_index.process	248
abstract_inverted_index.provide	225
abstract_inverted_index.quickly	41
abstract_inverted_index.results	193, 219
abstract_inverted_index.studies	53
abstract_inverted_index.Besides,	71
abstract_inverted_index.Northern	123, 251
abstract_inverted_index.accuracy	86
abstract_inverted_index.acoustic	33
abstract_inverted_index.existing	231
abstract_inverted_index.gravelly	134
abstract_inverted_index.limiting	84
abstract_inverted_index.process,	83
abstract_inverted_index.profile,	116
abstract_inverted_index.proposes	93
abstract_inverted_index.seafloor	5, 29, 99, 235
abstract_inverted_index.sediment	6, 30, 55, 88, 100, 131, 195
abstract_inverted_index.standard	76
abstract_inverted_index.Automatic	26
abstract_inverted_index.automatic	95
abstract_inverted_index.gradually	78
abstract_inverted_index.im-proved	105
abstract_inverted_index.important	38, 227
abstract_inverted_index.including	133, 165
abstract_inverted_index.intensity	62
abstract_inverted_index.sediment.	50
abstract_inverted_index.sediments	236
abstract_inverted_index.telemetry	34
abstract_inverted_index.Currently,	51
abstract_inverted_index.Therefore,	90
abstract_inverted_index.algorithm,	110
abstract_inverted_index.clustering	109
abstract_inverted_index.contribute	239
abstract_inverted_index.deposition	188
abstract_inverted_index.ecological	24
abstract_inverted_index.geological	198
abstract_inverted_index.identified	149
abstract_inverted_index.multi-beam	60, 112
abstract_inverted_index.relatively	67
abstract_inverted_index.resources,	15
abstract_inverted_index.sub-bottom	115
abstract_inverted_index.supplement	228
abstract_inverted_index.understand	42
abstract_inverted_index.background.	199
abstract_inverted_index.distributed	208
abstract_inverted_index.environment	202, 246
abstract_inverted_index.maintenance	21
abstract_inverted_index.propagation	82
abstract_inverted_index.sedimentary	162, 168, 175, 183, 201, 245
abstract_inverted_index.construction	16
abstract_inverted_index.en-vironment	163
abstract_inverted_index.engineering,	19
abstract_inverted_index.exploitation	12
abstract_inverted_index.Additionally,	154
abstract_inverted_index.determination	1
abstract_inverted_index.understanding	242
abstract_inverted_index.backscattering	61
abstract_inverted_index.classification	3, 27, 56, 96, 196, 232
abstract_inverted_index.en-vironments.	25
abstract_inverted_index.classification.	89
abstract_inverted_index.low-dimensional	73
cited_by_percentile_year.max	95
cited_by_percentile_year.min	89
corresponding_author_ids	https://openalex.org/A5103029317
countries_distinct_count	1
institutions_distinct_count	6
corresponding_institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210114556
sustainable_development_goals[0].id	https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14
sustainable_development_goals[0].score	0.8799999952316284
sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name	Life below water
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.67351682
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False