Comparative study of pap smear and polymerase chain reaction tests for human papillomavirus screening in Bahrain Article Swipe
Nermin Kamal Saeed
,
Safa Alshaikh
,
Mohammed Al‐Beltagi
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.7.453
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.7.453
Background: Cervical cancer remains a global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, including Bahrain, where human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading cause. Aim: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of cervical cytology (pap smear) and molecular HPV detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in identifying cervical abnormalities among women in Bahrain. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 320 pap smear samples from the Salmaniya Medical Complex laboratory. Cytological findings were compared with HPV PCR results, using PCR testing as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated. Statistical analyses included chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: Among the 320 samples, 56 (17.5%) were HPV-positive and 264 (82.5%) were HPV-negative. PCR showed higher sensitivity (95.5%) but had reduced moderate specificity (67.4%), with a positive predictive value for detecting histopathological lesions of 94.6% and a negative predictive value of 96.9%. Pap smears identified 57.5% as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy and 42.5% with abnormalities. HPV-positive cases had higher abnormal cytology rates, and histopathology confirmed lesions in some HPV-positive cases despite normal cytology results. Conclusion: Combining HPV PCR with pap smear enhances cervical cancer detection. Tailored screening programmes based on individual risk factors are recommended to reduce the disease burden.
Related Topics
Concepts
Medicine
Cervical cancer
Squamous intraepithelial lesion
Cytology
Gold standard (test)
Polymerase chain reaction
Predictive value
Malignancy
Human papillomavirus
Gynecology
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Histopathology
Hybrid capture
Positive predicative value
Cancer
Internal medicine
Pathology
Biology
Gene
Biochemistry
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.7.453
- https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.7.453
- OA Status
- diamond
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4412878924
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4412878924Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.7.453Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Comparative study of pap smear and polymerase chain reaction tests for human papillomavirus screening in BahrainWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-08-04Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Nermin Kamal Saeed, Safa Alshaikh, Mohammed Al‐BeltagiList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.7.453Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.7.453Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
diamondOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://doi.org/10.26719/2025.31.7.453Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Medicine, Cervical cancer, Squamous intraepithelial lesion, Cytology, Gold standard (test), Polymerase chain reaction, Predictive value, Malignancy, Human papillomavirus, Gynecology, Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, Histopathology, Hybrid capture, Positive predicative value, Cancer, Internal medicine, Pathology, Biology, Gene, BiochemistryTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Related works (count)
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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