Comparing environmental impacts of deep‐seabed and land‐based mining: A defensible framework Article Swipe
Anna Meta×as
,
C.D. Anglin
,
Adam T. Cross
,
Jeffrey C. Drazen
,
Matthias Haeckel
,
Gavin M. Mudd
,
Craig R. Smith
,
Samantha Smith
,
P.P.E. Weaver
,
Laura J. Sonter
,
Diva J. Amon
,
Peter D. Erskine
,
Lisa A. Levin
,
Hannah Lily
,
A.S. Maest
,
Nélia C. Mestre
,
Eva Ramírez-Llodra
,
Luis Enrique Sánchez
,
Rahul Sharma
,
Ann Vanreusel
,
S. Wheston
,
Verena Tunnicliffe
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17334
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17334
The crises of climate change and biodiversity loss are interlinked and must be addressed jointly. A proposed solution for reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and thus mitigating climate change, is the transition from conventional combustion‐engine to electric vehicles. This transition currently requires additional mineral resources, such as nickel and cobalt used in car batteries, presently obtained from land‐based mines. Most options to meet this demand are associated with some biodiversity loss. One proposal is to mine the deep seabed, a vast, relatively pristine and mostly unexplored region of our planet. Few comparisons of environmental impacts of solely expanding land‐based mining versus extending mining to the deep seabed for the additional resources exist and for biodiversity only qualitative. Here, we present a framework that facilitates a holistic comparison of relative ecosystem impacts by mining, using empirical data from relevant environmental metrics. This framework (Environmental Impact Wheel) includes a suite of physicochemical and biological components, rather than a few selected metrics, surrogates, or proxies. It is modified from the “recovery wheel” presented in the International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration to address impacts rather than recovery. The wheel includes six attributes (physical condition, community composition, structural diversity, ecosystem function, external exchanges and absence of threats). Each has 3–5 sub attributes, in turn measured with several indicators. The framework includes five steps: (1) identifying geographic scope; (2) identifying relevant spatiotemporal scales; (3) selecting relevant indicators for each sub‐attribute; (4) aggregating changes in indicators to scores; and (5) generating Environmental Impact Wheels for targeted comparisons. To move forward comparisons of land‐based with deep seabed mining, thresholds of the indicators that reflect the range in severity of environmental impacts are needed. Indicators should be based on clearly articulated environmental goals, with objectives and targets that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17334
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/gcb.17334
- OA Status
- bronze
- Cited By
- 6
- References
- 64
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4398563661
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4398563661Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17334Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Comparing environmental impacts of deep‐seabed and land‐based mining: A defensible frameworkWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-05-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Anna Meta×as, C.D. Anglin, Adam T. Cross, Jeffrey C. Drazen, Matthias Haeckel, Gavin M. Mudd, Craig R. Smith, Samantha Smith, P.P.E. Weaver, Laura J. Sonter, Diva J. Amon, Peter D. Erskine, Lisa A. Levin, Hannah Lily, A.S. Maest, Nélia C. Mestre, Eva Ramírez-Llodra, Luis Enrique Sánchez, Rahul Sharma, Ann Vanreusel, S. Wheston, Verena TunnicliffeList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17334Publisher landing page
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/gcb.17334Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
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bronzeOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/gcb.17334Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Environmental resource management, Biodiversity, Scope (computer science), Environmental science, Land use, Climate change, Ecosystem services, Environmental impact assessment, Ecosystem, Environmental change, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Computer science, Ecology, Programming language, BiologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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6Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 6Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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64Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2949816023, https://openalex.org/W3214770258, https://openalex.org/W2026045784, https://openalex.org/W4214941914, https://openalex.org/W4220714163, https://openalex.org/W2496838921, https://openalex.org/W3157308174, https://openalex.org/W2986112396, https://openalex.org/W3131032363, https://openalex.org/W3042118080, https://openalex.org/W2886769292, https://openalex.org/W2130259933, https://openalex.org/W2971398159, https://openalex.org/W4295308939, https://openalex.org/W2607299967, https://openalex.org/W2988868197, https://openalex.org/W4318947477, https://openalex.org/W4281790070, https://openalex.org/W2784207258, https://openalex.org/W2897972529, https://openalex.org/W2587054260, https://openalex.org/W4283587784, https://openalex.org/W6959440838, https://openalex.org/W1233775165, https://openalex.org/W2529877272, https://openalex.org/W3045697585, https://openalex.org/W3208523293, https://openalex.org/W3111541870, https://openalex.org/W2784114549, https://openalex.org/W1996816368, https://openalex.org/W2012900017, https://openalex.org/W4286526355, https://openalex.org/W4389217107, https://openalex.org/W4292375675, https://openalex.org/W4293191377, https://openalex.org/W3082016902, https://openalex.org/W4205313802, https://openalex.org/W3123460503, https://openalex.org/W4378175700, https://openalex.org/W1981401642, https://openalex.org/W3046348066, https://openalex.org/W3101991213, https://openalex.org/W2902503737, https://openalex.org/W2901387308, https://openalex.org/W4200224783, https://openalex.org/W4210615331, https://openalex.org/W2413625889, https://openalex.org/W3021319226, https://openalex.org/W3147187440, https://openalex.org/W4284712466, https://openalex.org/W4308647103, https://openalex.org/W2951319617, https://openalex.org/W4287859443, https://openalex.org/W3185574535, https://openalex.org/W4310493790, https://openalex.org/W1987555031, https://openalex.org/W2770479302, https://openalex.org/W2147763416, https://openalex.org/W2051207396, https://openalex.org/W4360958768, https://openalex.org/W3029848534, https://openalex.org/W4385197530, https://openalex.org/W3003544699, https://openalex.org/W2760911225 |
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