Computational and Behavioral Markers of Model-based Decision Making in Childhood Article Swipe
Claire Rosalie Smid
,
Wouter Kool
,
Tobias U. Hauser
,
Nikolaus Steinbeis
·
YOU?
·
· 2020
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb
YOU?
·
· 2020
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb
Human decision-making is underpinned by distinct systems that differ in flexibility and associated cognitive cost. A widely accepted dichotomy distinguishes between a cheap but rigid model-free system and a flexible but costly model-based system. Typically, humans use a hybrid of both types of decision-making depending on environmental demands. However, children’s use of a model-based system during decision-making has not yet been shown. While prior developmental work has identified simple building blocks of model-based reasoning in young children (1-4 years old), there has been little evidence of this complex cognitive system influencing behavior before adolescence. Here, by using a modified task to make engagement in cognitively costly strategies more rewarding, we show that children aged 5 to 11-years (N = 85), including the youngest children, displayed multiple indicators of model-based decision making, and that the degree of its use increased throughout childhood. Unlike adults (N = 24), however, children did not display adaptive arbitration between model-free and model-based decision making. Our results demonstrate that throughout childhood, children can engage in highly sophisticated and costly decision-making strategies. However, the flexible arbitration between decision-making strategies might be a critically late-developing component in human development.
Related Topics
Concepts
Flexibility (engineering)
Cognition
Arbitration
Psychology
Task (project management)
Cognitive psychology
Computer science
Cognitive model
Cognitive flexibility
Component (thermodynamics)
Developmental psychology
Engineering
Law
Mathematics
Neuroscience
Statistics
Systems engineering
Physics
Political science
Thermodynamics
Metadata
- Type
- preprint
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 9
- References
- 43
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4233346358
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4233346358Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsbDigital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Computational and Behavioral Markers of Model-based Decision Making in ChildhoodWork title
- Type
-
preprintOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2020Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2020-01-24Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Claire Rosalie Smid, Wouter Kool, Tobias U. Hauser, Nikolaus SteinbeisList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsbPublisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsbDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Flexibility (engineering), Cognition, Arbitration, Psychology, Task (project management), Cognitive psychology, Computer science, Cognitive model, Cognitive flexibility, Component (thermodynamics), Developmental psychology, Engineering, Law, Mathematics, Neuroscience, Statistics, Systems engineering, Physics, Political science, ThermodynamicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
9Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2024: 1, 2022: 2, 2021: 4, 2020: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
43Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4233346358 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4233346358 |
| fwci | 2.28004057 |
| type | preprint |
| title | Computational and Behavioral Markers of Model-based Decision Making in Childhood |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10656 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Psychology |
| topics[0].score | 0.9865999817848206 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3204 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Developmental and Educational Psychology |
| topics[0].display_name | Child and Animal Learning Development |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10315 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Decision Sciences |
| topics[1].score | 0.9592000246047974 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1800 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | General Decision Sciences |
| topics[1].display_name | Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11542 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Psychology |
| topics[2].score | 0.9419000148773193 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3202 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Applied Psychology |
| topics[2].display_name | Behavioral Health and Interventions |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2780598303 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7120904922485352 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Flexibility (engineering) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C169900460 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6638479232788086 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Cognition |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C160151201 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5718460083007812 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207946 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Arbitration |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C15744967 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5374854803085327 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Psychology |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2780451532 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5025842189788818 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Task (project management) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C180747234 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4666459560394287 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Cognitive psychology |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.44788026809692383 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C161407221 |
| concepts[7].level | 3 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4419914484024048 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Cognitive model |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C66102695 |
| concepts[8].level | 3 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4404554069042206 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141208 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Cognitive flexibility |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C168167062 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.42852064967155457 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Component (thermodynamics) |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C138496976 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.36001718044281006 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Developmental psychology |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.11802515387535095 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C199539241 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Law |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C169760540 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Neuroscience |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C105795698 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Statistics |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C201995342 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Systems engineering |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[17].level | 0 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C17744445 |
| concepts[18].level | 0 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Political science |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C97355855 |
| concepts[19].level | 1 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Thermodynamics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7120904922485352 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Flexibility (engineering) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6638479232788086 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Cognition |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/arbitration |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5718460083007812 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Arbitration |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5374854803085327 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Psychology |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/task |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5025842189788818 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Task (project management) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4666459560394287 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Cognitive psychology |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[6].score | 0.44788026809692383 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-model |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4419914484024048 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Cognitive model |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-flexibility |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4404554069042206 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Cognitive flexibility |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/component |
| keywords[9].score | 0.42852064967155457 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Component (thermodynamics) |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology |
| keywords[10].score | 0.36001718044281006 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Developmental psychology |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[11].score | 0.11802515387535095 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Engineering |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.31234/osf.io/ervsb |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source | |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | acceptedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | posted-content |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | False |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:share.osf.io:460FF-489-641 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400047 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | Arabixiv (OSF Preprints) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I2799848540 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Center for Open Science |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I2799848540 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | preprint |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | http://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/ERVSB |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:share.osf.io:8bfd5f16-dcf6-4c06-ad0e-64c0833c406f |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400047 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | Arabixiv (OSF Preprints) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I2799848540 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | Center for Open Science |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I2799848540 |
| locations[2].license | cc-by |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Preprint |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://osf.io/ervsb |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5076026103 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0013-8814 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Claire Rosalie Smid |
| authorships[0].countries | GB |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Dept. of Psychology and Language Sciences, UCL, London, the United Kingdom. |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02jx3x895 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University College London |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Claire Rosalie Smid |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Dept. of Psychology and Language Sciences, UCL, London, the United Kingdom. |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5091709254 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-7044 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Wouter Kool |
| authorships[1].countries | GB, US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I204465549 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | . Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America. |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | . Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, the United Kingdom. |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02jx3x895 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | University College London |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I204465549 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01yc7t268 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I204465549 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | Washington University in St. Louis |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Wouter Kool |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | . Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America., . Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, the United Kingdom. |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5042016465 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7997-8137 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Tobias U. Hauser |
| authorships[2].countries | GB |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I165524941, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | . Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, the United Kingdom |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | . Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, the United Kingdom. |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02jx3x895 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University College London |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I165524941 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02704qw51 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | facility |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I165524941, https://openalex.org/I45129253, https://openalex.org/I87048295 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Tobias U. Hauser |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | . Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, the United Kingdom., . Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, the United Kingdom |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5006249353 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8650-4725 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Nikolaus Steinbeis |
| authorships[3].countries | GB |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | . Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, the United Kingdom. |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02jx3x895 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | University College London |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Nikolaus Steinbeis |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | . Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, the United Kingdom. |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Computational and Behavioral Markers of Model-based Decision Making in Childhood |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10656 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Psychology |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9865999817848206 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3204 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Developmental and Educational Psychology |
| primary_topic.display_name | Child and Animal Learning Development |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W1497583223, https://openalex.org/W3182775690, https://openalex.org/W2971257679, https://openalex.org/W2144939738, https://openalex.org/W3155088636, https://openalex.org/W2962427353, https://openalex.org/W2902505004, https://openalex.org/W2597053008, https://openalex.org/W2139977042, https://openalex.org/W2589440624 |
| cited_by_count | 9 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2020 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 2 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.31234/osf.io/ervsb |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source | |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | acceptedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | posted-content |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | False |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.31234/osf.io/ervsb |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source | |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | acceptedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | posted-content |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | False |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb |
| publication_date | 2020-01-24 |
| publication_year | 2020 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2009477883, https://openalex.org/W2545950887, https://openalex.org/W1974761488, https://openalex.org/W2810640937, https://openalex.org/W2149565728, https://openalex.org/W2167362547, https://openalex.org/W2951968427, https://openalex.org/W1988699227, https://openalex.org/W2043787485, https://openalex.org/W4229801923, https://openalex.org/W2462003052, https://openalex.org/W2102803424, https://openalex.org/W2736983092, https://openalex.org/W2336319629, https://openalex.org/W3010272455, https://openalex.org/W3122086352, https://openalex.org/W2281891645, https://openalex.org/W2967056191, https://openalex.org/W2070871741, https://openalex.org/W1967386441, https://openalex.org/W1929735376, https://openalex.org/W2593174844, https://openalex.org/W2802131459, https://openalex.org/W2087484885, https://openalex.org/W2028384357, https://openalex.org/W2024342829, https://openalex.org/W4242496697, https://openalex.org/W3161337466, https://openalex.org/W2510619540, https://openalex.org/W1951724000, https://openalex.org/W2119328422, https://openalex.org/W2953319434, https://openalex.org/W3082381308, https://openalex.org/W2911589237, https://openalex.org/W2800343626, https://openalex.org/W2768847187, https://openalex.org/W4245187047, https://openalex.org/W2809750665, https://openalex.org/W2987754832, https://openalex.org/W2971060912, https://openalex.org/W2805890088, https://openalex.org/W2332016763, https://openalex.org/W1981244178 |
| referenced_works_count | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5 | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.= | 118, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 21, 28, 37, 52, 97, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(N | 117, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 4, 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 9, 74, 103, 168, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 39, 42, 51, 71, 85, 127, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 100, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Our | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 11, 27, 131, 155, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 23, 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.did | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 57, 66, 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 58, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 121, 133, 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 36, 50, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yet | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(1-4 | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.24), | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.85), | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aged | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 60, 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.make | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.task | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 7, 111, 132, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here, | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Human | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.While | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cheap | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cost. | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.human | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.might | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.old), | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prior | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rigid | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.there | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.types | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.young | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Unlike | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adults | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.before | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blocks | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.costly | 31, 105, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.degree | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.differ | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.during | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engage | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highly | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.humans | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hybrid | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.little | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shown. | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simple | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 26, 54, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.widely | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 20, 153, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complex | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.display | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.making, | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.making. | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system. | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.11-years | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 48, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accepted | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adaptive | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behavior | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.building | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.children | 76, 112, 147, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decision | 129, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demands. | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distinct | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evidence | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flexible | 29, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.however, | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modified | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiple | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.youngest | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.children, | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cognitive | 13, 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.component | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depending | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dichotomy | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.displayed | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increased | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reasoning | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Typically, | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.childhood, | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.childhood. | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.critically | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engagement | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicators | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model-free | 25, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rewarding, | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategies | 106, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.throughout | 139, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arbitration | 152, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cognitively | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flexibility | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.influencing | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model-based | 32, 53, 72, 128, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategies. | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.underpinned | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adolescence. | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.children’s | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development. | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developmental | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distinguishes | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environmental | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sophisticated | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decision-making | 1, 43, 56, 173, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.late-developing | 186 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5076026103 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.5899999737739563 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Peace, Justice and strong institutions |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.87644582 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |