Consequences of reduced sampling intensity for estimating population size of wolves in Scandinavia with spatial capture-recapture models Article Swipe

PDF

Cyril Milleret , Pierre Dupont , Mikael Åkesson , Linn Svensson , Henrik Brøseth , Richard Bischof ·

YOU? · · 2020 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.10543.07844

Every winter, the Scandinavian wolf population is surveyed using non-invasive genetic sampling (NGS) and snow-tracking to assess its annual status and trends. During 2017/18, search intensity and the proportion of samples genotyped was unusually high, resulting in more than 3 000 samples associated with 375 individuals. The boost in sampling was realized in part through intensified structured searches by the management authorities and in part by encouraging hunters and the general public to collect samples opportunistically. Such a high effort is not sustainable for long-term monitoring, but presents an opportunity to evaluate the consequences of reduced sampling intensity. We artificially thinned the number of genetic samples available and evaluated the consequences of thinning on population size estimates derived with spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models.\n\nThe original aim of this study was to identify sampling strategies (sampling intensity and spatial configuration) that increased the cost-efficiency of wolf monitoring in Scandinavia for population size estimation using SCR. However, discovery of an apparent bias in population size estimates in response to sample reduction led to a shift in focus to identifying the possible causes of this pattern.\n\nWe found population size estimates obtained after sample reduction to be sensitive to different thinning strategies and model specifications. Aside from the expected increase in uncertainty around parameter estimates due to a reduction in sample size, removal of detections collected during structured sampling led to a reduction in mean abundance estimates. Further testing revealed that the apparent negative bias was especially pronounced 1) for the model that included separate submodels for opportunistic and structured sampling, 2) for abundance estimates of females that were not adult scent-marking individuals, 3) for single-season SCR models, as opposed to open-population SCR models (OPSCR), and 4) when thinning was conducted only on samples collected during structured searches.\n\nOur analysis helped us hone in on the conditions under which bias is most prevalent, but further work is needed to identify the mechanisms causing it. As a next step towards a more applicable observation process model and/or data thinning scheme, we recommend a thorough characterization of the data accumulation process, including the potential link between opportunistic and structured sampling and the spatio-temporal relationship between track logs and samples.

Related Topics

Concepts

Mark and recapture Geography Sampling (signal processing) Population size Population Statistics Demography Mathematics Computer science Sociology Computer vision Filter (signal processing)

Metadata

Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153
PDF: https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153
OA Status: green
Cited By: 3
Related Works: 20
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W3014756622

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W3014756622

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.10543.07844

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Consequences of reduced sampling intensity for estimating population size of wolves in Scandinavia with spatial capture-recapture models

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2020

Year of publication
Publication date: 2020-01-01

Full publication date if available
Authors: Cyril Milleret, Pierre Dupont, Mikael Åkesson, Linn Svensson, Henrik Brøseth, Richard Bischof

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: green

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Mark and recapture, Geography, Sampling (signal processing), Population size, Population, Statistics, Demography, Mathematics, Computer science, Sociology, Computer vision, Filter (signal processing)

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 3

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2024: 1, 2021: 1, 2020: 1

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
Related works (count): 20

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W3014756622
doi	https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.10543.07844
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.10543.07844
ids.mag	3014756622
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W3014756622
fwci	0.29520381
type	article
title	Consequences of reduced sampling intensity for estimating population size of wolves in Scandinavia with spatial capture-recapture models
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page
biblio.first_page
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T10199
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/23
topics[0].field.display_name	Environmental Science
topics[0].score	0.9997000098228455
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[0].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2303
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Ecology
topics[0].display_name	Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T11913
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/23
topics[1].field.display_name	Environmental Science
topics[1].score	0.9940999746322632
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[1].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2303
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Ecology
topics[1].display_name	Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T10895
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/23
topics[2].field.display_name	Environmental Science
topics[2].score	0.9731000065803528
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[2].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2302
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Ecological Modeling
topics[2].display_name	Species Distribution and Climate Change
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C36528806
concepts[0].level	3
concepts[0].score	0.8593542575836182
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796147
concepts[0].display_name	Mark and recapture
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C205649164
concepts[1].level	0
concepts[1].score	0.5948551297187805
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071
concepts[1].display_name	Geography
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C140779682
concepts[2].level	3
concepts[2].score	0.5850937366485596
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868
concepts[2].display_name	Sampling (signal processing)
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C169733012
concepts[3].level	3
concepts[3].score	0.5737602710723877
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613416
concepts[3].display_name	Population size
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C2908647359
concepts[4].level	2
concepts[4].score	0.5031654238700867
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603
concepts[4].display_name	Population
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C105795698
concepts[5].level	1
concepts[5].score	0.4095664620399475
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483
concepts[5].display_name	Statistics
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C149923435
concepts[6].level	1
concepts[6].score	0.3500910699367523
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732
concepts[6].display_name	Demography
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C33923547
concepts[7].level	0
concepts[7].score	0.21502554416656494
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395
concepts[7].display_name	Mathematics
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C41008148
concepts[8].level	0
concepts[8].score	0.17835327982902527
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198
concepts[8].display_name	Computer science
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C144024400
concepts[9].level	0
concepts[9].score	0.0
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201
concepts[9].display_name	Sociology
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C31972630
concepts[10].level	1
concepts[10].score	0.0
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240
concepts[10].display_name	Computer vision
concepts[11].id	https://openalex.org/C106131492
concepts[11].level	2
concepts[11].score	0.0
concepts[11].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260
concepts[11].display_name	Filter (signal processing)
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/mark-and-recapture
keywords[0].score	0.8593542575836182
keywords[0].display_name	Mark and recapture
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/geography
keywords[1].score	0.5948551297187805
keywords[1].display_name	Geography
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling
keywords[2].score	0.5850937366485596
keywords[2].display_name	Sampling (signal processing)
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/population-size
keywords[3].score	0.5737602710723877
keywords[3].display_name	Population size
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/population
keywords[4].score	0.5031654238700867
keywords[4].display_name	Population
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics
keywords[5].score	0.4095664620399475
keywords[5].display_name	Statistics
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/demography
keywords[6].score	0.3500910699367523
keywords[6].display_name	Demography
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics
keywords[7].score	0.21502554416656494
keywords[7].display_name	Mathematics
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science
keywords[8].score	0.17835327982902527
keywords[8].display_name	Computer science
language	en
locations[0].id	pmh:oai:nmbu.brage.unit.no:11250/2650153
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4363604989
locations[0].source.issn
locations[0].source.type	journal
locations[0].source.is_oa	False
locations[0].source.issn_l
locations[0].source.is_core	False
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[0].source.display_name	29
locations[0].source.host_organization
locations[0].source.host_organization_name
locations[0].license	other-oa
locations[0].pdf_url	https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153
locations[0].version	submittedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	info:eu-repo/semantics/report
locations[0].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa
locations[0].is_accepted	False
locations[0].is_published	False
locations[0].raw_source_name	29
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153
locations[1].id	doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.10543.07844
locations[1].is_oa	True
locations[1].source
locations[1].license
locations[1].pdf_url
locations[1].version
locations[1].raw_type	article-journal
locations[1].license_id
locations[1].is_accepted	False
locations[1].is_published
locations[1].raw_source_name
locations[1].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.10543.07844
locations[2].id	mag:3014756622
locations[2].is_oa	False
locations[2].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4363604989
locations[2].source.issn
locations[2].source.type	journal
locations[2].source.is_oa	False
locations[2].source.issn_l
locations[2].source.is_core	False
locations[2].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[2].source.display_name	29
locations[2].source.host_organization
locations[2].source.host_organization_name
locations[2].license
locations[2].pdf_url
locations[2].version
locations[2].raw_type
locations[2].license_id
locations[2].is_accepted	False
locations[2].is_published
locations[2].raw_source_name	29
locations[2].landing_page_url	https://nmbu.brage.unit.no/nmbu-xmlui/handle/11250/2650153?locale-attribute=en
indexed_in	datacite
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5041799983
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8563-981X
authorships[0].author.display_name	Cyril Milleret
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Cyril Milleret
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5026206972
authorships[1].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7438-7995
authorships[1].author.display_name	Pierre Dupont
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Pierre Dupont
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5023768535
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-8840
authorships[2].author.display_name	Mikael Åkesson
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Mikael Åkesson
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5081301284
authorships[3].author.orcid
authorships[3].author.display_name	Linn Svensson
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Linn Svensson
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5033383545
authorships[4].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-891X
authorships[4].author.display_name	Henrik Brøseth
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Henrik Brøseth
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5043455911
authorships[5].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-9183
authorships[5].author.display_name	Richard Bischof
authorships[5].author_position	last
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Richard Bischof
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153
open_access.oa_status	green
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Consequences of reduced sampling intensity for estimating population size of wolves in Scandinavia with spatial capture-recapture models
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T10199
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/23
primary_topic.field.display_name	Environmental Science
primary_topic.score	0.9997000098228455
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2303
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Ecology
primary_topic.display_name	Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
related_works	https://openalex.org/W3013264335, https://openalex.org/W3187737710, https://openalex.org/W3130818668, https://openalex.org/W2342720238, https://openalex.org/W1967522441, https://openalex.org/W2176067151, https://openalex.org/W2604387895, https://openalex.org/W2158831409, https://openalex.org/W2075825341, https://openalex.org/W2793617962, https://openalex.org/W3185297623, https://openalex.org/W2110274013, https://openalex.org/W1934187453, https://openalex.org/W3161216293, https://openalex.org/W1569555196, https://openalex.org/W2180905155, https://openalex.org/W1987648496, https://openalex.org/W2181033677, https://openalex.org/W2808318162, https://openalex.org/W2067363002
cited_by_count	3
counts_by_year[0].year	2024
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	1
counts_by_year[1].year	2021
counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count	1
counts_by_year[2].year	2020
counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count	1
locations_count	3
best_oa_location.id	pmh:oai:nmbu.brage.unit.no:11250/2650153
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4363604989
best_oa_location.source.issn
best_oa_location.source.type	journal
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	False
best_oa_location.source.issn_l
best_oa_location.source.is_core	False
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	29
best_oa_location.source.host_organization
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name
best_oa_location.license	other-oa
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153
best_oa_location.version	submittedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	info:eu-repo/semantics/report
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa
best_oa_location.is_accepted	False
best_oa_location.is_published	False
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	29
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153
primary_location.id	pmh:oai:nmbu.brage.unit.no:11250/2650153
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4363604989
primary_location.source.issn
primary_location.source.type	journal
primary_location.source.is_oa	False
primary_location.source.issn_l
primary_location.source.is_core	False
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
primary_location.source.display_name	29
primary_location.source.host_organization
primary_location.source.host_organization_name
primary_location.license	other-oa
primary_location.pdf_url	https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153
primary_location.version	submittedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	info:eu-repo/semantics/report
primary_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa
primary_location.is_accepted	False
primary_location.is_published	False
primary_location.raw_source_name	29
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2650153
publication_date	2020-01-01
publication_year	2020
referenced_works_count	0
abstract_inverted_index.3	39
abstract_inverted_index.a	77, 170, 212, 226, 319, 323, 335
abstract_inverted_index.1)	243
abstract_inverted_index.2)	256
abstract_inverted_index.3)	268
abstract_inverted_index.4)	281
abstract_inverted_index.As	318
abstract_inverted_index.We	98
abstract_inverted_index.an	88, 156
abstract_inverted_index.as	273
abstract_inverted_index.be	191
abstract_inverted_index.by	58, 65
abstract_inverted_index.in	36, 48, 52, 63, 145, 159, 163, 172, 205, 214, 228, 297
abstract_inverted_index.is	6, 80, 304, 310
abstract_inverted_index.of	29, 94, 103, 111, 125, 142, 155, 179, 218, 260, 338
abstract_inverted_index.on	113, 287, 298
abstract_inverted_index.to	15, 72, 90, 129, 165, 169, 174, 190, 193, 211, 225, 275, 312
abstract_inverted_index.us	295
abstract_inverted_index.we	333
abstract_inverted_index.000	40
abstract_inverted_index.375	44
abstract_inverted_index.SCR	271, 277
abstract_inverted_index.The	46
abstract_inverted_index.aim	124
abstract_inverted_index.and	13, 20, 26, 62, 68, 107, 135, 197, 253, 280, 349, 352, 359
abstract_inverted_index.but	86, 307
abstract_inverted_index.due	210
abstract_inverted_index.for	83, 147, 244, 251, 257, 269
abstract_inverted_index.it.	317
abstract_inverted_index.its	17
abstract_inverted_index.led	168, 224
abstract_inverted_index.not	81, 264
abstract_inverted_index.the	2, 27, 59, 69, 92, 101, 109, 140, 176, 202, 236, 245, 299, 314, 339, 344, 353
abstract_inverted_index.was	32, 50, 128, 240, 284
abstract_inverted_index.SCR.	152
abstract_inverted_index.Such	76
abstract_inverted_index.bias	158, 239, 303
abstract_inverted_index.data	330, 340
abstract_inverted_index.from	201
abstract_inverted_index.high	78
abstract_inverted_index.hone	296
abstract_inverted_index.link	346
abstract_inverted_index.logs	358
abstract_inverted_index.mean	229
abstract_inverted_index.more	37, 324
abstract_inverted_index.most	305
abstract_inverted_index.next	320
abstract_inverted_index.only	286
abstract_inverted_index.part	53, 64
abstract_inverted_index.size	115, 149, 161, 184
abstract_inverted_index.step	321
abstract_inverted_index.than	38
abstract_inverted_index.that	138, 235, 247, 262
abstract_inverted_index.this	126, 180
abstract_inverted_index.were	263
abstract_inverted_index.when	282
abstract_inverted_index.with	43, 118
abstract_inverted_index.wolf	4, 143
abstract_inverted_index.work	309
abstract_inverted_index.(NGS)	12
abstract_inverted_index.(SCR)	121
abstract_inverted_index.Aside	200
abstract_inverted_index.Every	0
abstract_inverted_index.adult	265
abstract_inverted_index.after	187
abstract_inverted_index.boost	47
abstract_inverted_index.focus	173
abstract_inverted_index.found	182
abstract_inverted_index.high,	34
abstract_inverted_index.model	198, 246, 328
abstract_inverted_index.shift	171
abstract_inverted_index.size,	216
abstract_inverted_index.study	127
abstract_inverted_index.track	357
abstract_inverted_index.under	301
abstract_inverted_index.using	8, 151
abstract_inverted_index.which	302
abstract_inverted_index.During	22
abstract_inverted_index.and/or	329
abstract_inverted_index.annual	18
abstract_inverted_index.around	207
abstract_inverted_index.assess	16
abstract_inverted_index.causes	178
abstract_inverted_index.during	221, 290
abstract_inverted_index.effort	79
abstract_inverted_index.helped	294
abstract_inverted_index.models	278
abstract_inverted_index.needed	311
abstract_inverted_index.number	102
abstract_inverted_index.public	71
abstract_inverted_index.sample	166, 188, 215
abstract_inverted_index.search	24
abstract_inverted_index.status	19
abstract_inverted_index.Further	232
abstract_inverted_index.between	347, 356
abstract_inverted_index.causing	316
abstract_inverted_index.collect	73
abstract_inverted_index.derived	117
abstract_inverted_index.females	261
abstract_inverted_index.further	308
abstract_inverted_index.general	70
abstract_inverted_index.genetic	10, 104
abstract_inverted_index.hunters	67
abstract_inverted_index.models,	272
abstract_inverted_index.opposed	274
abstract_inverted_index.process	327
abstract_inverted_index.reduced	95
abstract_inverted_index.removal	217
abstract_inverted_index.samples	30, 41, 74, 105, 288
abstract_inverted_index.scheme,	332
abstract_inverted_index.spatial	119, 136
abstract_inverted_index.testing	233
abstract_inverted_index.thinned	100
abstract_inverted_index.through	54
abstract_inverted_index.towards	322
abstract_inverted_index.trends.	21
abstract_inverted_index.winter,	1
abstract_inverted_index.(OPSCR),	279
abstract_inverted_index.2017/18,	23
abstract_inverted_index.However,	153
abstract_inverted_index.analysis	293
abstract_inverted_index.apparent	157, 237
abstract_inverted_index.evaluate	91
abstract_inverted_index.expected	203
abstract_inverted_index.identify	130, 313
abstract_inverted_index.included	248
abstract_inverted_index.increase	204
abstract_inverted_index.negative	238
abstract_inverted_index.obtained	186
abstract_inverted_index.original	123
abstract_inverted_index.possible	177
abstract_inverted_index.presents	87
abstract_inverted_index.process,	342
abstract_inverted_index.realized	51
abstract_inverted_index.response	164
abstract_inverted_index.revealed	234
abstract_inverted_index.samples.	360
abstract_inverted_index.sampling	11, 49, 96, 131, 223, 351
abstract_inverted_index.searches	57
abstract_inverted_index.separate	249
abstract_inverted_index.surveyed	7
abstract_inverted_index.thinning	112, 195, 283, 331
abstract_inverted_index.thorough	336
abstract_inverted_index.(sampling	133
abstract_inverted_index.abundance	230, 258
abstract_inverted_index.available	106
abstract_inverted_index.collected	220, 289
abstract_inverted_index.conducted	285
abstract_inverted_index.different	194
abstract_inverted_index.discovery	154
abstract_inverted_index.estimates	116, 162, 185, 209, 259
abstract_inverted_index.evaluated	108
abstract_inverted_index.genotyped	31
abstract_inverted_index.including	343
abstract_inverted_index.increased	139
abstract_inverted_index.intensity	25, 134
abstract_inverted_index.long-term	84
abstract_inverted_index.parameter	208
abstract_inverted_index.potential	345
abstract_inverted_index.recommend	334
abstract_inverted_index.reduction	167, 189, 213, 227
abstract_inverted_index.resulting	35
abstract_inverted_index.sampling,	255
abstract_inverted_index.sensitive	192
abstract_inverted_index.submodels	250
abstract_inverted_index.unusually	33
abstract_inverted_index.applicable	325
abstract_inverted_index.associated	42
abstract_inverted_index.conditions	300
abstract_inverted_index.detections	219
abstract_inverted_index.especially	241
abstract_inverted_index.estimates.	231
abstract_inverted_index.estimation	150
abstract_inverted_index.intensity.	97
abstract_inverted_index.management	60
abstract_inverted_index.mechanisms	315
abstract_inverted_index.monitoring	144
abstract_inverted_index.population	5, 114, 148, 160, 183
abstract_inverted_index.prevalent,	306
abstract_inverted_index.pronounced	242
abstract_inverted_index.proportion	28
abstract_inverted_index.strategies	132, 196
abstract_inverted_index.structured	56, 222, 254, 291, 350
abstract_inverted_index.Scandinavia	146
abstract_inverted_index.authorities	61
abstract_inverted_index.encouraging	66
abstract_inverted_index.identifying	175
abstract_inverted_index.intensified	55
abstract_inverted_index.monitoring,	85
abstract_inverted_index.observation	326
abstract_inverted_index.opportunity	89
abstract_inverted_index.sustainable	82
abstract_inverted_index.uncertainty	206
abstract_inverted_index.Scandinavian	3
abstract_inverted_index.accumulation	341
abstract_inverted_index.artificially	99
abstract_inverted_index.consequences	93, 110
abstract_inverted_index.individuals,	267
abstract_inverted_index.individuals.	45
abstract_inverted_index.non-invasive	9
abstract_inverted_index.relationship	355
abstract_inverted_index.opportunistic	252, 348
abstract_inverted_index.scent-marking	266
abstract_inverted_index.single-season	270
abstract_inverted_index.snow-tracking	14
abstract_inverted_index.configuration)	137
abstract_inverted_index.models.\n\nThe	122
abstract_inverted_index.pattern.\n\nWe	181
abstract_inverted_index.cost-efficiency	141
abstract_inverted_index.open-population	276
abstract_inverted_index.spatio-temporal	354
abstract_inverted_index.specifications.	199
abstract_inverted_index.characterization	337
abstract_inverted_index.searches.\n\nOur	292
abstract_inverted_index.capture-recapture	120
abstract_inverted_index.opportunistically.	75
cited_by_percentile_year.max	94
cited_by_percentile_year.min	89
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	6
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.61008505
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False