Recognizing the vulnerabilities that arise in the spices' supply chain for food fraud, determining which products and food fraud types to assess is crucial for ensuring food quality and food safety. In this study, we developed a data driven food fraud vulnerability assessment approach based on a Bayesian Network (BN) and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to predict the food fraud vulnerability level for products entering Europe including the food fraud types and potential adulterants for each step in the s…