Depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
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· DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sf7b6
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a novel population-level stressor. As such, it is important to examine pandemic-related changes in mental health and to identify which individuals are at greatest risk of worsening symptoms.Methods: Online questionnaires were administered to 34,465 individuals in the UK, recruited from existing cohorts or via social media. Around one third (n = 12,718) with prior diagnoses of depression or anxiety completed pre-pandemic mental health assessments, allowing prospective investigation of symptom change. We examined changes in depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms using prospective, retrospective and global ratings of change assessments. We also examined the effect of key risk factors on changes in symptoms.Outcomes: Prospective analyses showed small decreases in depression (PHQ-9: - .43 points) and anxiety symptoms (GAD-7: -.33 points), and increases in PTSD symptoms (PCL-6: .22 points). Conversely, retrospective analyses demonstrated large significant increases in depression (2.40 points) and anxiety symptoms (1.97 points) and 55% reported worsening mental health since the beginning of the pandemic on a global change rating. Using both prospective and retrospective symptom measures, regression analyses demonstrated that worsening depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms were associated with i) prior mental health diagnoses, ii) female gender; iii) young age, and iv) unemployed or student status.Interpretation: We highlight the effect of prior mental health diagnoses on worsening mental health during the pandemic and confirm previously-reported sociodemographic risk factors. Discrepancies between prospective and retrospective measures of changes in mental health may be related to recall bias underestimating prior symptom severity.
Related Topics
- Type
- preprint
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sf7b6
- https://osf.io/sf7b6/download
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 14
- References
- 26
- Related Works
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- OpenAlex ID
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Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W3161460033Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sf7b6Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UKWork title
- Type
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preprintOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2021Year of publication
- Publication date
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2021-05-14Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Katherine S. Young, Kirstin L. Purves, Christopher Hübel, Molly R. Davies, Katherine Thompson, Shannon Bristow, Georgina Krebs, Andrea Danese, Colette R. Hirsch, Christine E. Parsons, Evangelos Vassos, Brett N. Adey, Steven Bright, Laura Hegemann, Yung Teng Lee, Gursharan Kalsi, Dina Monssen, Jessica Mundy, Alicia J. Peel, Christopher Rayner, H. J. Rogers, Abigail ter Kuile, Camilla Ward, Keisha York, Yuhao Lin, Alish Palmos, Ulrike Schmidt, David Veale, Timothy R. Nicholson, Thomas Pollak, Sharon A. M. Stevelink, Talar R. Moukhtarian, Adrian R. Martineau, Hayley Holt, Barbara Maughan, Ammar Al‐Chalabi, К. Ray Chaudhuri, Mark P. Richardson, John R. Bradley, Patrick F. Chinnery, Nathalie Kingston, Sofia Papadia, Kathy Stirrups, Rachel Linger, Matthew Hotopf, Thalia C. Eley, Gerome BreenList of authors in order
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://osf.io/sf7b6/downloadDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
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Anxiety, Mental health, Depression (economics), Psychiatry, Medicine, Stressor, Prospective cohort study, Retrospective cohort study, Pandemic, Patient Health Questionnaire, Clinical psychology, Population, Recall bias, Psychology, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Internal medicine, Disease, Depressive symptoms, Environmental health, Economics, Pathology, Macroeconomics, Infectious disease (medical specialty)Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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14Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2024: 6, 2023: 4, 2022: 4Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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26Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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