Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21): Further psychometric exploration using robust item response theory and classical theory measures among university students Article Swipe
Md Dilshad Manzar
,
Salahuddin Mohammed
,
Dejen Nureye
,
Faizan Kashoo
,
Majumi M. Noohu
,
Jazi Shaydied Alotaibi
,
Majed Alamri
,
Mark D. Griffiths
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325238
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325238
Background Psychometric validity of the 21-item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) has not been studied among Ethiopians. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the DASS-21 using Item Response Theory (IRT) and classical theory among Ethiopian university students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 364 Ethiopian university students. Participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), and the DASS-21. Results Factor analysis and measures of quality of factor estimates, construct stability, and robustness of unidimensionality supported a one-factor structure. Item parameters were satisfactory for all but three items using both CTT and IRT. Some CTT parameters indicated deviation from unidimensionality for three items. Two items had poor communality, and IRT infit/outfit values above 1.4. The findings indicated adequate divergent validity (weak-moderate correlation) for the general distress measure of DASS-21 with respect to HAM-A, excellent reliability (McDonald’s ω and Cronbach’s α both 0.93), and item-level measurement invariance across sexes. Conclusion The psychometric validity of the DASS-21 among Ethiopian university students was robust, as shown by analysis using classical and item response theory measures. However, some item-level psychometric characteristics for two items were sub-optimal in both CTT and IRT.
Related Topics
Concepts
Item response theory
DASS
Psychology
Cronbach's alpha
Measurement invariance
Classical test theory
Clinical psychology
Psychometrics
Anxiety
Construct validity
Differential item functioning
Reliability (semiconductor)
Scale (ratio)
Item analysis
Structural equation modeling
Confirmatory factor analysis
Statistics
Psychiatry
Mathematics
Quantum mechanics
Power (physics)
Physics
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325238
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 51
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4412724846
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4412724846Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325238Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21): Further psychometric exploration using robust item response theory and classical theory measures among university studentsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-07-28Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Md Dilshad Manzar, Salahuddin Mohammed, Dejen Nureye, Faizan Kashoo, Majumi M. Noohu, Jazi Shaydied Alotaibi, Majed Alamri, Mark D. GriffithsList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325238Publisher landing page
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325238Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Item response theory, DASS, Psychology, Cronbach's alpha, Measurement invariance, Classical test theory, Clinical psychology, Psychometrics, Anxiety, Construct validity, Differential item functioning, Reliability (semiconductor), Scale (ratio), Item analysis, Structural equation modeling, Confirmatory factor analysis, Statistics, Psychiatry, Mathematics, Quantum mechanics, Power (physics), PhysicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- References (count)
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51Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| referenced_works_count | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 52, 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 186 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.to | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.α | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ω | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.364 | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CTT | 94, 98, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.IRT | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 118, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Two | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 8, 32, 60, 66, 75, 95, 112, 141, 146, 171, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 87, 104, 126, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.had | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 4, 21, 25, 55, 61, 127, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 43, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.4. | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.IRT. | 96, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Item | 28, 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Some | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 93, 144, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.item | 172 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.some | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 85, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 45, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(IRT) | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Scale | 10, 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.above | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.among | 16, 35, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.items | 91, 108, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shown | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 19, 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 90, 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 27, 92, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.93), | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Factor | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HAM-A, | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Stress | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Theory | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factor | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.items. | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sexes. | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.theory | 34, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.values | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.21-item | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Anxiety | 7, 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DASS-21 | 26, 132, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results | 63 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.measure | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quality | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respect | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.robust, | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studied | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(HAM-A), | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DASS-21. | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Hamilton | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Response | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adequate | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 65, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distress | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measures | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.students | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validity | 2, 123, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DASS-21) | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Ethiopian | 36, 47, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.classical | 33, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.completed | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 44 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.divergent | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.excellent | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicated | 100, 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measures. | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.students. | 38, 49 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.Depression | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimates, | 72 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.stability, | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structure. | 82 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.Ethiopians. | 17 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.Cronbach’s | 142 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.Psychometric | 1 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.satisfactory | 86 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.(weak-moderate | 124 |
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| abstract_inverted_index.cross-sectional | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.socio-demographic | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unidimensionality | 78, 103 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5034704226, https://openalex.org/A5039824318, https://openalex.org/A5038434626, https://openalex.org/A5063190994, https://openalex.org/A5051870161, https://openalex.org/A5008372095, https://openalex.org/A5078199876, https://openalex.org/A5054531525 |
| countries_distinct_count | 6 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 8 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I15881279, https://openalex.org/I178331978, https://openalex.org/I195631090, https://openalex.org/I267325792, https://openalex.org/I4210112337, https://openalex.org/I52590639, https://openalex.org/I59475050 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.7699999809265137 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | No poverty |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.33376495 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |