Design and FPGA-Based Hardware Implementation of NB-IoT Physical Uplink Shared Channel Transmitter and Physical Downlink Shared Channel Receiver Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966
With the anticipated growth of the internet of things (IoT) market, many low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies have been introduced to connect a wide range of IoT devices with varying performance requirements. The narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT) is a 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standardized LPWA technology that meets most IoT service requirements. In this paper, the design and implementation of the physical uplink transmitting chain as well as the physical downlink receiving chain of the NB-IoT user equipment (UE) are presented. Both chains’ main blocks are designed to follow the 3GPP NB-IoT LTE standard Release 14 (Rel-14). The whole design is experimentally implemented on the Virtex 7 (VC 709) Connectivity kit, and all performance metrics are reported. Moreover, an NB-IoT base station is implemented and integrated with the two prototyped UEs to set-up an NB-IoT system, which is employed to send data from one UE to another UE through the NB-IoT base station using two FPGAs (one to implement the sending UE and the other one to implement the receiving UE) and three universal software radio peripherals (USRPs) B200 (one to implement the RF front-end of the transmitting UE FPGA, one to implement the base station RF front-end, and one to implement the RF front-end of the receiving UE FPGA). Experimental results show that the implemented NB-IoT system is working successfully, as the two NB-IoT UEs communicate together successfully through the NB-IoT base station and exchange the data properly.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966
- https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/9/1966/pdf?version=1682308473
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 4
- References
- 28
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4366828908
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4366828908Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Design and FPGA-Based Hardware Implementation of NB-IoT Physical Uplink Shared Channel Transmitter and Physical Downlink Shared Channel ReceiverWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-04-24Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Abdallah Abostait, Rania M. Tawfik, M. Saeed Darweesh, Hassan MostafaList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/9/1966/pdf?version=1682308473Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/9/1966/pdf?version=1682308473Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Telecommunications link, User equipment, Base station, Computer science, Transmitter, Channel (broadcasting), Embedded system, Field-programmable gate array, Physical layer, Computer network, Computer hardware, Wireless, TelecommunicationsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
4Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 2, 2024: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
28Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4366828908 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4366828908 |
| fwci | 0.66353559 |
| type | article |
| title | Design and FPGA-Based Hardware Implementation of NB-IoT Physical Uplink Shared Channel Transmitter and Physical Downlink Shared Channel Receiver |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G6889834610 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321655 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 34876 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Science and Technology Development Fund |
| biblio.issue | 9 |
| biblio.volume | 12 |
| biblio.last_page | 1966 |
| biblio.first_page | 1966 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T12079 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 1.0 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | IoT Networks and Protocols |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T12801 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9940000176429749 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1705 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Computer Networks and Communications |
| topics[1].display_name | Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11392 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9905999898910522 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321655 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/044vr6g03 |
| funders[0].display_name | Science and Technology Development Fund |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2000 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2165 |
| apc_paid.value | 2000 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2165 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C138660444 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7810507416725159 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Telecommunications link |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2781327853 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6693576574325562 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547 |
| concepts[1].display_name | User equipment |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C68649174 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6513475179672241 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Base station |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5491306781768799 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C47798520 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.543364942073822 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Transmitter |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C127162648 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4947814345359802 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Channel (broadcasting) |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C149635348 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4670476019382477 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Embedded system |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C42935608 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.46026068925857544 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Field-programmable gate array |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C19247436 |
| concepts[8].level | 3 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.44234147667884827 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Physical layer |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C31258907 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.43276628851890564 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Computer network |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C9390403 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.37573063373565674 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Computer hardware |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C555944384 |
| concepts[11].level | 2 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.26765599846839905 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Wireless |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C76155785 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.2296929657459259 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Telecommunications |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7810507416725159 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Telecommunications link |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6693576574325562 |
| keywords[1].display_name | User equipment |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6513475179672241 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Base station |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5491306781768799 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter |
| keywords[4].score | 0.543364942073822 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Transmitter |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/channel |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4947814345359802 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Channel (broadcasting) |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4670476019382477 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Embedded system |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array |
| keywords[7].score | 0.46026068925857544 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Field-programmable gate array |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer |
| keywords[8].score | 0.44234147667884827 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Physical layer |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network |
| keywords[9].score | 0.43276628851890564 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Computer network |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware |
| keywords[10].score | 0.37573063373565674 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Computer hardware |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless |
| keywords[11].score | 0.26765599846839905 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Wireless |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications |
| keywords[12].score | 0.2296929657459259 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Telecommunications |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/electronics12091966 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210202905 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2079-9292 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2079-9292 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Electronics |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/9/1966/pdf?version=1682308473 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Electronics |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-9292/12/9/1966/ |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400947 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | MDPI (MDPI AG) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[1].license | cc-by |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | Text |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Electronics; Volume 12; Issue 9; Pages: 1966 |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5013707097 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-0681 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Abdallah Abostait |
| authorships[0].countries | EG |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I145487455 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I145487455 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03q21mh05 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I145487455 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Cairo University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Abdallah Abostait |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5066988462 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Rania M. Tawfik |
| authorships[1].countries | EG |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I57629906 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Wireless Intelligent Networks Center (WINC), Nile University, Giza 12677, Egypt |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I57629906 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03cg7cp61 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I57629906 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Nile University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Rania M. Tawfik |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Wireless Intelligent Networks Center (WINC), Nile University, Giza 12677, Egypt |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5051901856 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9684-3325 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | M. Saeed Darweesh |
| authorships[2].countries | EG |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I57629906 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nile University, Giza 12677, Egypt |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I57629906 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Wireless Intelligent Networks Center (WINC), Nile University, Giza 12677, Egypt |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I57629906 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03cg7cp61 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I57629906 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Nile University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | M. Saeed Darweesh |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nile University, Giza 12677, Egypt, Wireless Intelligent Networks Center (WINC), Nile University, Giza 12677, Egypt |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5063929219 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-5007 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Hassan Mostafa |
| authorships[3].countries | EG |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I145487455 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210150948 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Nanotechnology and Nanoelectronics Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October, Giza 12578, Egypt |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I145487455 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03q21mh05 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I145487455 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Cairo University |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210150948 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04w5f4y88 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210150948 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code | EG |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name | Zewail City of Science and Technology |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Hassan Mostafa |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt, Nanotechnology and Nanoelectronics Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October, Giza 12578, Egypt |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/9/1966/pdf?version=1682308473 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Design and FPGA-Based Hardware Implementation of NB-IoT Physical Uplink Shared Channel Transmitter and Physical Downlink Shared Channel Receiver |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T12079 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 1.0 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | IoT Networks and Protocols |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4365807906, https://openalex.org/W2157864637, https://openalex.org/W4223416141, https://openalex.org/W3006920049, https://openalex.org/W2546639359, https://openalex.org/W1922070205, https://openalex.org/W1604254364, https://openalex.org/W2957675536, https://openalex.org/W4226210192, https://openalex.org/W4376480765 |
| cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 2 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/electronics12091966 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210202905 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2079-9292 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2079-9292 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Electronics |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/9/1966/pdf?version=1682308473 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Electronics |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/electronics12091966 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210202905 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2079-9292 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2079-9292 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Electronics |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/9/1966/pdf?version=1682308473 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Electronics |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091966 |
| publication_date | 2023-04-24 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2942661348, https://openalex.org/W2105103777, https://openalex.org/W2962691290, https://openalex.org/W3086266285, https://openalex.org/W3011784755, https://openalex.org/W2948547231, https://openalex.org/W2898008923, https://openalex.org/W2996946121, https://openalex.org/W2970388602, https://openalex.org/W6683818726, https://openalex.org/W2063185615, https://openalex.org/W2215700844, https://openalex.org/W2085970538, https://openalex.org/W2046938074, https://openalex.org/W2560602073, https://openalex.org/W6640355072, https://openalex.org/W2735226780, https://openalex.org/W2312248353, https://openalex.org/W2925242135, https://openalex.org/W6746697713, https://openalex.org/W3109794883, https://openalex.org/W2144660528, https://openalex.org/W2596324967, https://openalex.org/W2186142116, https://openalex.org/W2805650600, https://openalex.org/W1964573467, https://openalex.org/W626093957, https://openalex.org/W2771172333 |
| referenced_works_count | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.7 | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 21, 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.14 | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RF | 184, 197, 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.UE | 145, 148, 162, 189, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 119, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 66, 68, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 37, 101, 123, 138, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 4, 7, 24, 34, 60, 74, 186, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 19, 88, 132, 140, 146, 158, 167, 181, 192, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(VC | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3rd | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.IoT | 25, 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LTE | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 31, 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.UE) | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.UEs | 131, 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 58, 112, 125, 163, 172, 199, 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 80, 86, 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one | 144, 166, 191, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 1, 5, 56, 61, 69, 75, 90, 105, 128, 150, 160, 164, 169, 183, 187, 194, 203, 207, 215, 223, 231, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 129, 155, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(UE) | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(one | 157, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3GPP | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.709) | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.B200 | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Both | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LPWA | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.With | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.base | 121, 152, 195, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 142, 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kit, | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.main | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.most | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.send | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 47, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.user | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wide | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 27, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(IoT) | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.FPGA, | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.FPGAs | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chain | 65, 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meets | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radio | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.range | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whole | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(3GPP) | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LPWA) | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.FPGA). | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.NB-IoT | 76, 92, 120, 135, 151, 217, 225, 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Virtex | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blocks | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 57, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.follow | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.growth | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper, | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.set-up | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.things | 8, 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uplink | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(USRPs) | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Release | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.another | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.connect | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.devices | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.market, | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.metrics | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.project | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sending | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.service | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.station | 122, 153, 196, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system, | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.through | 149, 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.varying | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.working | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(NB-IoT) | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.designed | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.downlink | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employed | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exchange | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.internet | 6, 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physical | 62, 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.software | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.standard | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.together | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Rel-14). | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Moreover, | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chains’ | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.equipment | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.front-end | 185, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implement | 159, 168, 182, 193, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low-power | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.properly. | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.receiving | 72, 170, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reported. | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.universal | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wide-area | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.front-end, | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generation | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integrated | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introduced | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.narrowband | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented. | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prototyped | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technology | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anticipated | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.communicate | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implemented | 103, 124, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.partnership | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance | 29, 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.peripherals | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Connectivity | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Experimental | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.standardized | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.successfully | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technologies | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transmitting | 64, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requirements. | 30, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.successfully, | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experimentally | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementation | 59 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 94 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5063929219 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I145487455, https://openalex.org/I4210150948 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.5600000023841858 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Partnerships for the goals |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.66909972 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |