Developing clinical prediction models: a step-by-step guide Article Swipe
Orestis Efthimiou
,
Michael Seo
,
Konstantina Chalkou
,
Thomas P. A. Debray
,
Matthias Egger
,
Georgia Salanti
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276
Predicting future outcomes of patients is essential to clinical practice, with many prediction models published each year. Empirical evidence suggests that published studies often have severe methodological limitations, which undermine their usefulness. This article presents a step-by-step guide to help researchers develop and evaluate a clinical prediction model. The guide covers best practices in defining the aim and users, selecting data sources, addressing missing data, exploring alternative modelling options, and assessing model performance. The steps are illustrated using an example from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Comprehensive R code is also provided.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276
- https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/386/bmj-2023-078276.full.pdf
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 147
- References
- 122
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4402199506
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4402199506Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Developing clinical prediction models: a step-by-step guideWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-09-03Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Orestis Efthimiou, Michael Seo, Konstantina Chalkou, Thomas P. A. Debray, Matthias Egger, Georgia SalantiList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/386/bmj-2023-078276.full.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/386/bmj-2023-078276.full.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Computer science, Data science, Predictive modelling, Management science, Machine learning, EngineeringTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
147Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 141, 2024: 6Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
122Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4402199506 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39227063 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4402199506 |
| fwci | 93.90044672 |
| mesh[0].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[0].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[0].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[1].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_ui | D003661 |
| mesh[1].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[1].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_name | Decision Support Techniques |
| mesh[2].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[2].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[2].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[3].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[3].descriptor_ui | D003661 |
| mesh[3].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[3].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[3].descriptor_name | Decision Support Techniques |
| mesh[4].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[4].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[4].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[5].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_ui | D003661 |
| mesh[5].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[5].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_name | Decision Support Techniques |
| mesh[6].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[6].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[6].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[6].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[6].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[7].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_ui | D003661 |
| mesh[7].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[7].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_name | Decision Support Techniques |
| mesh[8].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[8].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[8].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[9].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_ui | D003661 |
| mesh[9].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[9].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_name | Decision Support Techniques |
| type | article |
| title | Developing clinical prediction models: a step-by-step guide |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 386 |
| biblio.last_page | e078276 |
| biblio.first_page | e078276 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T13702 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9819999933242798 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[0].display_name | Machine Learning in Healthcare |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10862 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9804999828338623 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[1].display_name | AI in cancer detection |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10206 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/18 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Decision Sciences |
| topics[2].score | 0.9657999873161316 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1804 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty |
| topics[2].display_name | Meta-analysis and systematic reviews |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320320924 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/00yjd3n13 |
| funders[0].display_name | Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid.value | 6542 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 7055 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[0].level | 0 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6581933498382568 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2522767166 |
| concepts[1].level | 1 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5602808594703674 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Data science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C45804977 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5144538879394531 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Predictive modelling |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C539667460 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.3934394121170044 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Management science |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C119857082 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.3554080128669739 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Machine learning |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.07574310898780823 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6581933498382568 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5602808594703674 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Data science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5144538879394531 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Predictive modelling |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science |
| keywords[3].score | 0.3934394121170044 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Management science |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning |
| keywords[4].score | 0.3554080128669739 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Machine learning |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[5].score | 0.07574310898780823 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Engineering |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-078276 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4393917726 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1756-1833 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1756-1833 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | BMJ |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/386/bmj-2023-078276.full.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | BMJ |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:39227063 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | BMJ (Clinical research ed.) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39227063 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11369751 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].license | other-oa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | BMJ |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11369751 |
| indexed_in | crossref, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5065638475 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0955-7572 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Orestis Efthimiou |
| authorships[0].countries | CH |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I118564535, https://openalex.org/I4210135124 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210135124 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/038esz880 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2802229882, https://openalex.org/I4210135124, https://openalex.org/I97565354 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CH |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02k7v4d05 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | CH |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | University of Bern |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Orestis Efthimiou |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5079264461 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5229-590X |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Michael Seo |
| authorships[1].countries | CH |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I118564535, https://openalex.org/I4210135124 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210135124 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/038esz880 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2802229882, https://openalex.org/I4210135124, https://openalex.org/I97565354 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CH |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02k7v4d05 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | CH |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | University of Bern |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Michael Seo |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5071914470 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9718-021X |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Konstantina Chalkou |
| authorships[2].countries | CH |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02k7v4d05 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CH |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of Bern |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Konstantina Chalkou |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5002390430 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1790-2719 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Thomas P. A. Debray |
| authorships[3].countries | NL |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1322731696 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Smart Data Analysis and Statistics B V, Utrecht, The Netherlands |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1322731696 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0408v4c28 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | other |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1322731696 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | NL |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Thomas Debray |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Smart Data Analysis and Statistics B V, Utrecht, The Netherlands |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5077161809 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7462-5132 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Matthias Egger |
| authorships[4].countries | CH, GB |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I36234482 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I118564535, https://openalex.org/I4210135124 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210135124 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/038esz880 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2802229882, https://openalex.org/I4210135124, https://openalex.org/I97565354 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | CH |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02k7v4d05 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].country_code | CH |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].display_name | University of Bern |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I36234482 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/0524sp257 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I36234482 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].country_code | GB |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].display_name | University of Bristol |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Matthias Egger |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5088217633 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3830-8508 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Georgia Salanti |
| authorships[5].countries | CH |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I118564535, https://openalex.org/I4210135124 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210135124 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/038esz880 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2802229882, https://openalex.org/I4210135124, https://openalex.org/I97565354 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | CH |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02k7v4d05 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I118564535 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].country_code | CH |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].display_name | University of Bern |
| authorships[5].author_position | last |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Georgia Salanti |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/386/bmj-2023-078276.full.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Developing clinical prediction models: a step-by-step guide |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T13702 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Computer Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9819999933242798 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| primary_topic.display_name | Machine Learning in Healthcare |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4391375266, https://openalex.org/W2748952813, https://openalex.org/W2390279801, https://openalex.org/W2358668433, https://openalex.org/W4396701345, https://openalex.org/W2376932109, https://openalex.org/W2001405890, https://openalex.org/W4318612353, https://openalex.org/W4390939596, https://openalex.org/W4389829534 |
| cited_by_count | 147 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 141 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 6 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-078276 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4393917726 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1756-1833 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1756-1833 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | BMJ |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/386/bmj-2023-078276.full.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | BMJ |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-078276 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4393917726 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1756-1833 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1756-1833 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | BMJ |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/386/bmj-2023-078276.full.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | BMJ |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078276 |
| publication_date | 2024-09-03 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W1994224528, https://openalex.org/W598998976, https://openalex.org/W3014524604, https://openalex.org/W2474667434, https://openalex.org/W2789894922, https://openalex.org/W2727650337, https://openalex.org/W2159235877, https://openalex.org/W2136085913, https://openalex.org/W2134431449, https://openalex.org/W2019694480, https://openalex.org/W1994682257, https://openalex.org/W4319460509, https://openalex.org/W4319346289, https://openalex.org/W4394857110, https://openalex.org/W2907554860, https://openalex.org/W4281398289, https://openalex.org/W2976008625, https://openalex.org/W4312194384, https://openalex.org/W2399385044, https://openalex.org/W4221067412, https://openalex.org/W3149054887, https://openalex.org/W2984947744, https://openalex.org/W3093678378, https://openalex.org/W4280600223, https://openalex.org/W2570878489, https://openalex.org/W4289778980, https://openalex.org/W4311668966, https://openalex.org/W2498993605, https://openalex.org/W2338757337, https://openalex.org/W3135939397, https://openalex.org/W2151056789, https://openalex.org/W3109609494, https://openalex.org/W2165139489, https://openalex.org/W2084164487, https://openalex.org/W4390876555, https://openalex.org/W4391100790, https://openalex.org/W1969298821, https://openalex.org/W2139425275, https://openalex.org/W2328803923, https://openalex.org/W4306253192, https://openalex.org/W2400385987, https://openalex.org/W3010095828, https://openalex.org/W3198695726, https://openalex.org/W6856428013, https://openalex.org/W4210419267, https://openalex.org/W2297716127, https://openalex.org/W2755473612, https://openalex.org/W2994811916, https://openalex.org/W3012413426, https://openalex.org/W4317567033, https://openalex.org/W1602160603, https://openalex.org/W4388569132, https://openalex.org/W2115709314, https://openalex.org/W2065974896, https://openalex.org/W2569711455, https://openalex.org/W2136953071, https://openalex.org/W4367172397, https://openalex.org/W2618596952, https://openalex.org/W4313705718, https://openalex.org/W2177870565, https://openalex.org/W3091943846, https://openalex.org/W3207434859, https://openalex.org/W2057847137, https://openalex.org/W3014535943, https://openalex.org/W2890947206, https://openalex.org/W2075937340, https://openalex.org/W2019300001, https://openalex.org/W2123485214, https://openalex.org/W2171642892, https://openalex.org/W2476265589, https://openalex.org/W4206410067, https://openalex.org/W3024192828, https://openalex.org/W3113318772, https://openalex.org/W2118502261, https://openalex.org/W2140047866, https://openalex.org/W2570963276, https://openalex.org/W1528995643, https://openalex.org/W2119910794, https://openalex.org/W2996480032, https://openalex.org/W2082174016, https://openalex.org/W2084139018, https://openalex.org/W2120579447, https://openalex.org/W2161009717, https://openalex.org/W3034503810, https://openalex.org/W2883150385, https://openalex.org/W4390674087, https://openalex.org/W1997192661, https://openalex.org/W1995945562, https://openalex.org/W4250236131, https://openalex.org/W2537880370, https://openalex.org/W2074932800, https://openalex.org/W4384663192, https://openalex.org/W1980283223, https://openalex.org/W3147115604, https://openalex.org/W2135206837, https://openalex.org/W3120293480, https://openalex.org/W2156202966, https://openalex.org/W4321782827, https://openalex.org/W2095987352, https://openalex.org/W1761022139, https://openalex.org/W3034154128, https://openalex.org/W2226880313, https://openalex.org/W2045030989, https://openalex.org/W2977262858, https://openalex.org/W2166339706, https://openalex.org/W2911964244, https://openalex.org/W2962862931, https://openalex.org/W2138008655, https://openalex.org/W2145429839, https://openalex.org/W2937013426, https://openalex.org/W6602019454, https://openalex.org/W3131957723, https://openalex.org/W6739919524, https://openalex.org/W6676535487, https://openalex.org/W2030983818, https://openalex.org/W3208091845, https://openalex.org/W2332489744, https://openalex.org/W3011920305, https://openalex.org/W2903923633, https://openalex.org/W2626436891, https://openalex.org/W4386530320, https://openalex.org/W2559976784 |
| referenced_works_count | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.R | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 35, 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 5, 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 7, 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 48, 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aim | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 42, 57, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.best | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.code | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.help | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data, | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guide | 37, 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.often | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.steps | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.year. | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.covers | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.future | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model. | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.severe | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.users, | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.article | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.develop | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.example | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.missing | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 8, 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.defining | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evidence | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiple | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.options, | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outcomes | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sources, | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggests | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Empirical | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessing | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.essential | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exploring | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modelling | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practice, | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practices | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provided. | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.published | 14, 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.selecting | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.undermine | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Predicting | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addressing | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prediction | 12, 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sclerosis. | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alternative | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.illustrated | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.researchers | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.usefulness. | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limitations, | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance. | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.step-by-step | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Comprehensive | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methodological | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relapsing-remitting | 81 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 98 |
| countries_distinct_count | 3 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.4000000059604645 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Partnerships for the goals |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.99945203 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |