Journal of Fluid Mechanics • Vol 980
Direct numerical simulation of temporally evolving stratified wakes with ensemble average
January 2024 • Jiaqi Li, Xiang I. A. Yang, Robert F. Kunz
Direct numerical simulations are conducted for temporally evolving stratified wake flows at Reynolds numbers from $10\,000$ to $50\,000$ and Froude numbers from $2$ to 50. Unlike previous studies that obtained statistics from a single realization, we take ensemble averages among 80–100 realizations. Our analysis shows that data from one realization incur large convergence errors. These errors reduce quickly as the number of statistical samples increases, with the benefit of ensemble average diminishing beyond 40–6…