Distribution trends of bovine Anaplasma marginale in Iowa, based upon veterinary diagnostic lab submissions from 2017-2022 Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021
Anaplasma marginale is the common etiological agent of bovine anaplasmosis. Infection results in erythrocyte destruction leading to the clinical signs of anemia, hypoxia, abortion, jaundice and sudden death. Cattle that survive this acute phase or have lower levels of initial bacteremia become chronic, persistent carriers. Carrier animals serve as reservoirs for the organism and allow infection to spread via mechanical or biological vectors, to susceptible herdmates. The objective of this study was to report the distribution trends of A. marginale positive test results during a 5-year period in Iowa. This study evaluated Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab (ISU VDL) testing results from bovine cases submitted from January 1, 2017 to January 1, 2022, for molecular and serological detection of all stages of anaplasmosis. Cattle residing in Iowa with positive results for PCR or competitive ELISA were included in the analysis. The state was divided into 4 geographical districts (1 = northeast, 2 = southeast, 3 = southwest, and 4 = northwest) and the number of positive tests in each district was determined. Total positive tests by district included: northeast 282; southeast 277; southwest 223; northwest 281. Disease spatial analysis mapping, based upon geographic longitude and latitude location of herds with positive diagnostic tests, illustrate progressive disease expansion from the southern counties of Iowa, near the Missouri border, into the northern parts of Iowa. These results suggest that A. marginale has developed a widespread distribution across the state of Iowa.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- http://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021
- OA Status
- diamond
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4401381120
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4401381120Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Distribution trends of bovine Anaplasma marginale in Iowa, based upon veterinary diagnostic lab submissions from 2017-2022Work title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-06-21Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Lynne M. Geoffroy, McKenna N. Brinning-Henningsen, Ana Paula S. Poeta Silva, Megan S. Hindman, Terry J. EngelkenList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
diamondOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Veterinary medicine, Cattle Diseases, Distribution (mathematics), Biology, Anaplasma, Virology, Medicine, Mathematics, Tick, Mathematical analysisTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4401381120 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4401381120 |
| fwci | 0.0 |
| type | article |
| title | Distribution trends of bovine Anaplasma marginale in Iowa, based upon veterinary diagnostic lab submissions from 2017-2022 |
| biblio.issue | 2 |
| biblio.volume | 58 |
| biblio.last_page | 42 |
| biblio.first_page | 34 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T12733 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| topics[0].score | 0.9983000159263611 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1105 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics |
| topics[0].display_name | Vector-Borne Animal Diseases |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T12047 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[1].score | 0.9962000250816345 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2725 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Infectious Diseases |
| topics[1].display_name | Viral Infections and Vectors |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10296 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/24 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Immunology and Microbiology |
| topics[2].score | 0.9821000099182129 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2405 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Parasitology |
| topics[2].display_name | Vector-borne infectious diseases |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C42972112 |
| concepts[0].level | 1 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7050745487213135 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Veterinary medicine |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2908982167 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5599751472473145 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Cattle Diseases |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C110121322 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.49113985896110535 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Distribution (mathematics) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.43853017687797546 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2777479583 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.41331180930137634 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70288 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Anaplasma |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C159047783 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.33237433433532715 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Virology |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.2792108654975891 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.1032952070236206 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2779620486 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10304508 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Tick |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C134306372 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Mathematical analysis |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/veterinary-medicine |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7050745487213135 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Veterinary medicine |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cattle-diseases |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5599751472473145 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Cattle Diseases |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution |
| keywords[2].score | 0.49113985896110535 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Distribution (mathematics) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[3].score | 0.43853017687797546 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/anaplasma |
| keywords[4].score | 0.41331180930137634 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Anaplasma |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/virology |
| keywords[5].score | 0.33237433433532715 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Virology |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine |
| keywords[6].score | 0.2792108654975891 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Medicine |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[7].score | 0.1032952070236206 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Mathematics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.21423/bpj20249021 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764847585 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0524-1685 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0524-1685 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | The Bovine Practitioner |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4366305913 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | American Association of Bovine Practitioners |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4366305913 |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | The Bovine Practitioner |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | http://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5106343145 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Lynne M. Geoffroy |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Lynne M. Geoffroy |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5106343146 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | McKenna N. Brinning-Henningsen |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | McKenna N. Brinning-Henningsen |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5039742497 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6069-5014 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Ana Paula S. Poeta Silva |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Ana Paula P. Silva |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5042006063 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Megan S. Hindman |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Megan S. Hindman |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5072243306 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Terry J. Engelken |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Terry J. Engelken |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | http://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021 |
| open_access.oa_status | diamond |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Distribution trends of bovine Anaplasma marginale in Iowa, based upon veterinary diagnostic lab submissions from 2017-2022 |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T12733 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9983000159263611 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1105 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics |
| primary_topic.display_name | Vector-Borne Animal Diseases |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2049246965, https://openalex.org/W2059580099, https://openalex.org/W3145837633, https://openalex.org/W2060349344, https://openalex.org/W2571461892, https://openalex.org/W3097871001, https://openalex.org/W2117457209, https://openalex.org/W3135199595, https://openalex.org/W2460250934, https://openalex.org/W3194521020 |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 1 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.21423/bpj20249021 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764847585 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0524-1685 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0524-1685 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | The Bovine Practitioner |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4366305913 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | American Association of Bovine Practitioners |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4366305913 |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | The Bovine Practitioner |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | http://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.21423/bpj20249021 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764847585 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0524-1685 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0524-1685 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | The Bovine Practitioner |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4366305913 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | American Association of Bovine Practitioners |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4366305913 |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | The Bovine Practitioner |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | http://doi.org/10.21423/bpj20249021 |
| publication_date | 2024-06-21 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works_count | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2 | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3 | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4 | 146, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.= | 150, 153, 156, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 84, 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(1 | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1, | 108, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A. | 78, 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 12, 87, 126, 138, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 7, 20, 38, 68, 77, 119, 122, 165, 198, 212, 222, 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 34, 60, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 16, 56, 63, 72, 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Lab | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PCR | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 66, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 25, 53, 116, 158, 162, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 50, 114, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 3, 17, 51, 74, 139, 163, 209, 215, 219, 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 71, 143, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ISU | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2017 | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.223; | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.277; | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.281. | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.282; | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Iowa | 92, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.VDL) | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 102, 106, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 145, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.near | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 29, 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 31, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.upon | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 128, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2022, | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ELISA | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Iowa, | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Iowa. | 88, 223, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.State | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Total | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acute | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agent | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allow | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cases | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.herds | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lower | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parts | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phase | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serve | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.signs | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state | 142, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 70, 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tests | 167, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5-year | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Cattle | 28, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.become | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bovine | 8, 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.common | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.death. | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.during | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.levels | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.period | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.report | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spread | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stages | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sudden | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tests, | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trends | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Carrier | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Disease | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.January | 107, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anemia, | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.animals | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.border, | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disease | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.divided | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.initial | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leading | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 11, 82, 101, 130, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spatial | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggest | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.survive | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.testing | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Missouri | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chronic, | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.counties | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.district | 170, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hypoxia, | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.included | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.jaundice | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.latitude | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.location | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mapping, | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.northern | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.organism | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positive | 80, 129, 174, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.residing | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.southern | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vectors, | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Anaplasma | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Infection | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.abortion, | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis. | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carriers. | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detection | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developed | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.districts | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluated | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.included: | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infection | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.longitude | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.marginale | 1, 79, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.northeast | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.northwest | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.objective | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.southeast | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.southwest | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.submitted | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Diagnostic | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.University | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Veterinary | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bacteremia | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.biological | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diagnostic | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geographic | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.herdmates. | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.illustrate | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.northeast, | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.northwest) | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.persistent | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positive | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.southwest, | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.widespread | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determined. | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.erythrocyte | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.etiological | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expansion | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.molecular | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.progressive | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serological | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.susceptible | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution | 75, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geographical | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanical | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reservoirs | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.southeast, | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anaplasmosis. | 9, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.competitive | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.destruction | 14 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8600000143051147 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.12522613 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |