Dynamic light scattering and laser speckle contrast imaging of the brain: theory of the spatial and temporal statistics of speckle pattern evolution Article Swipe
Bingxue Liu
,
Dmitry D. Postnov
,
David A. Boas
,
Xiaojun Cheng
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) are closely related techniques that exploit the statistics of speckle patterns, which can be utilized to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF). Conventionally, the temporal speckle intensity auto-correlation function g 2 t ( τ ) is calculated in DLS, while the spatial speckle contrast K s is calculated in LSCI measurements. Due to the rapid development of CMOS detection technology with increased camera frame rates while still maintaining a large number of pixels, the ensemble or spatial average of g 2 s ( τ ) as well as the temporal contrast K t can be easily calculated and utilized to quantify CBF. Although many models have been established, a proper summary is still lacking to fully characterize DLS and LSCI measurements for spatial and temporal statistics, laser coherence properties, various motion types, etc. As a result, there are many instances where theoretical models are misused. For instance, mathematical formulas derived in the diffusive regime or for ergodic systems are sometimes applied to small animal brain measurements, e.g., mice brains, where the assumptions are not valid. Therefore, we aim to provide a review of the speckle theory for both DLS and LSCI measurements with detailed derivations from first principles, taking into account non-ergodicity, spatial and temporal statistics of speckles, scatterer motion types, and laser coherence properties. From these calculations, we elaborate on the differences between spatial and temporal averaging for DLS and LSCI measurements that are typically ignored but can result in inaccurate measurements of blood flow, particularly the spatially varying nature of the static component in g 2 t ( τ ) and K t . We also obtained g 2 s ( τ ) maps in in vivo mouse brain measurements using high frame rate CMOS cameras which have not been demonstrated before, and compared with g 2 t ( τ ) and K s , t . This work provides a useful guide for choosing the correct model to analyze spatial and temporal speckle statistics in in-vivo DLS and LSCI measurements.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 17
- References
- 94
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4390057685
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4390057685Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Dynamic light scattering and laser speckle contrast imaging of the brain: theory of the spatial and temporal statistics of speckle pattern evolutionWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-12-21Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Bingxue Liu, Dmitry D. Postnov, David A. Boas, Xiaojun ChengList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Speckle pattern, Speckle imaging, Optics, Contrast (vision), Light scattering, Scattering, Spatial frequency, Laser, PhysicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
17Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 11, 2024: 6Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
94Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4390057685 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38404305 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4390057685 |
| fwci | 5.05746029 |
| type | article |
| title | Dynamic light scattering and laser speckle contrast imaging of the brain: theory of the spatial and temporal statistics of speckle pattern evolution |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G2883092522 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320332161 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | UG3EB034710 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Institutes of Health |
| awards[1].id | https://openalex.org/G8783281272 |
| awards[1].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320332161 |
| awards[1].display_name | |
| awards[1].funder_award_id | R01NS127156 |
| awards[1].funder_display_name | National Institutes of Health |
| biblio.issue | 2 |
| biblio.volume | 15 |
| biblio.last_page | 579 |
| biblio.first_page | 579 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11109 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[0].score | 0.9993000030517578 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2737 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Physiology |
| topics[0].display_name | Thermoregulation and physiological responses |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10977 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[1].score | 0.9973000288009644 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2741 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging |
| topics[1].display_name | Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12994 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[2].score | 0.9869999885559082 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2741 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging |
| topics[2].display_name | Infrared Thermography in Medicine |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320332161 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01cwqze88 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Institutes of Health |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1913 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1913 |
| apc_paid.value | 1913 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1913 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C102290492 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.9196035861968994 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Speckle pattern |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C99507719 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6876686811447144 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504755 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Speckle imaging |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C120665830 |
| concepts[2].level | 1 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6674400568008423 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Optics |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2776502983 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5409994125366211 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Contrast (vision) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C120456961 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.46001291275024414 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Light scattering |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C191486275 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4475098252296448 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Scattering |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C100921725 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.44500046968460083 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650811 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Spatial frequency |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C520434653 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.41376256942749023 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Laser |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.39340662956237793 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-pattern |
| keywords[0].score | 0.9196035861968994 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Speckle pattern |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-imaging |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6876686811447144 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Speckle imaging |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/optics |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6674400568008423 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Optics |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5409994125366211 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Contrast (vision) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/light-scattering |
| keywords[4].score | 0.46001291275024414 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Light scattering |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4475098252296448 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Scattering |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-frequency |
| keywords[6].score | 0.44500046968460083 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Spatial frequency |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/laser |
| keywords[7].score | 0.41376256942749023 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Laser |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[8].score | 0.39340662956237793 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Physics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1364/boe.510333 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S104118869 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2156-7085 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2156-7085 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Biomedical Optics Express |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Optica Publishing Group |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Optica Publishing Group |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Biomedical Optics Express |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:38404305 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Biomedical optics express |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38404305 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10890898 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10890898/pdf/boe-15-2-579.pdf |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Biomed Opt Express |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10890898 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5104224129 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7335-4710 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Bingxue Liu |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Boston University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Bingxue Liu |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Boston University |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5021244853 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9708-8453 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Dmitry D. Postnov |
| authorships[1].countries | DK |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I204337017 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Aarhus University |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I204337017 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01aj84f44 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I204337017 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | DK |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Aarhus University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Dmitry Postnov |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Aarhus University |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5035399148 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6709-7711 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | David A. Boas |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Boston University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | David A. Boas |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Boston University |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5001449972 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-0603 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Xiaojun Cheng |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Boston University |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Xiaojun Cheng |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Boston University |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Dynamic light scattering and laser speckle contrast imaging of the brain: theory of the spatial and temporal statistics of speckle pattern evolution |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11109 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Medicine |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9993000030517578 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2737 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Physiology |
| primary_topic.display_name | Thermoregulation and physiological responses |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2029898200, https://openalex.org/W2561865474, https://openalex.org/W2341129498, https://openalex.org/W2055824452, https://openalex.org/W1977022979, https://openalex.org/W2998796451, https://openalex.org/W14338536, https://openalex.org/W196457667, https://openalex.org/W1999628802, https://openalex.org/W4308576158 |
| cited_by_count | 17 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 11 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 6 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1364/boe.510333 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S104118869 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2156-7085 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2156-7085 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Biomedical Optics Express |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Optica Publishing Group |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Optica Publishing Group |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Biomedical Optics Express |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1364/boe.510333 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S104118869 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2156-7085 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2156-7085 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Biomedical Optics Express |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Optica Publishing Group |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310315679 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Optica Publishing Group |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Biomedical Optics Express |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.510333 |
| publication_date | 2023-12-21 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2147182902, https://openalex.org/W1989291415, https://openalex.org/W2066080151, https://openalex.org/W2040572204, https://openalex.org/W2078407670, https://openalex.org/W2114377258, https://openalex.org/W2562524882, https://openalex.org/W3036428276, https://openalex.org/W2066745483, https://openalex.org/W1995183994, https://openalex.org/W2914022349, https://openalex.org/W2032264934, https://openalex.org/W2072809533, https://openalex.org/W2755140094, https://openalex.org/W3210950062, https://openalex.org/W2025333982, https://openalex.org/W4389069278, https://openalex.org/W6634876549, https://openalex.org/W2074319623, https://openalex.org/W2093223545, https://openalex.org/W2078468737, https://openalex.org/W2106440619, https://openalex.org/W2045736280, https://openalex.org/W2663922533, https://openalex.org/W4213319720, https://openalex.org/W2019639662, https://openalex.org/W1983241421, https://openalex.org/W3004209294, https://openalex.org/W2020749965, https://openalex.org/W2152182989, https://openalex.org/W3096590756, https://openalex.org/W3188072400, https://openalex.org/W2410095506, https://openalex.org/W2059383011, https://openalex.org/W2104429735, https://openalex.org/W1978102625, https://openalex.org/W2161668207, https://openalex.org/W4300863720, https://openalex.org/W3125147783, https://openalex.org/W2154783457, https://openalex.org/W2089434830, https://openalex.org/W2264210980, https://openalex.org/W2394980079, https://openalex.org/W2897379428, https://openalex.org/W1993402303, https://openalex.org/W1998961464, https://openalex.org/W2622599214, https://openalex.org/W2034762861, https://openalex.org/W2028657471, https://openalex.org/W2222007106, https://openalex.org/W4283662009, https://openalex.org/W4308797477, https://openalex.org/W3136463145, https://openalex.org/W2037472202, https://openalex.org/W1973488181, https://openalex.org/W2172013973, https://openalex.org/W2057253099, https://openalex.org/W1989852278, https://openalex.org/W1981413245, https://openalex.org/W2009665159, https://openalex.org/W2061898031, https://openalex.org/W2088551636, https://openalex.org/W2040202071, https://openalex.org/W6688000289, https://openalex.org/W1980098763, https://openalex.org/W2108591932, https://openalex.org/W2148467060, https://openalex.org/W2120611228, https://openalex.org/W2004043663, https://openalex.org/W2080816644, https://openalex.org/W2011360449, https://openalex.org/W2915673274, https://openalex.org/W6853181555, https://openalex.org/W2063293760, https://openalex.org/W2096795641, https://openalex.org/W2133404950, https://openalex.org/W2013368133, https://openalex.org/W2023810249, https://openalex.org/W2930012872, https://openalex.org/W1980120572, https://openalex.org/W2050466958, https://openalex.org/W3016528875, https://openalex.org/W4313590466, https://openalex.org/W4385835856, https://openalex.org/W3162430096, https://openalex.org/W4313528058, https://openalex.org/W2010785179, https://openalex.org/W4308730200, https://openalex.org/W2056718890, https://openalex.org/W2209823321, https://openalex.org/W4381492440, https://openalex.org/W4243529460, https://openalex.org/W3099387203, https://openalex.org/W4385806270 |
| referenced_works_count | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.( | 41, 91, 268, 281, 309 |
| abstract_inverted_index.) | 43, 93, 270, 283, 311 |
| abstract_inverted_index., | 315 |
| abstract_inverted_index.. | 274, 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2 | 39, 89, 266, 279, 307 |
| abstract_inverted_index.K | 53, 100, 272, 313 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 77, 117, 143, 189, 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.g | 38, 88, 265, 278, 306 |
| abstract_inverted_index.s | 54, 90, 280, 314 |
| abstract_inverted_index.t | 40, 101, 267, 273, 308, 316 |
| abstract_inverted_index.As | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 275 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 94, 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 23, 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 46, 57, 159, 249, 264, 285, 286, 336 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 44, 55, 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 18, 65, 80, 87, 191, 215, 252, 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 84, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 25, 61, 108, 123, 170, 187, 329 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 185, 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.τ | 42, 92, 269, 282, 310 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DLS | 126, 197, 238, 338 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Due | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.For | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aim | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 4, 106, 127, 132, 198, 212, 220, 234, 239, 271, 303, 312, 332, 339 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 10, 146, 152, 167, 181, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 22, 102, 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 130, 164, 195, 237, 324 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 182, 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 16, 32, 49, 62, 82, 97, 160, 179, 192, 230, 256, 261, 326 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CBF. | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CMOS | 66, 295 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DLS, | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.From | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LSCI | 58, 128, 199, 240, 340 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 318 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 276 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 115, 300 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.etc. | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flow | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 114, 298 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 112, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maps | 284 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mice | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rate | 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 14, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vivo | 287 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 69, 201, 305 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work | 319 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DLS) | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blood | 28, 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.brain | 173, 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.e.g., | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flow, | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.frame | 72, 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fully | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guide | 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.laser | 5, 135, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.light | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 328 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mouse | 288 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rapid | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rates | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.still | 75, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.there | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.where | 149, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 21, 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 48, 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CBF). | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LSCI) | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.animal | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.camera | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.easily | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 113, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.motion | 139, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nature | 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proper | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regime | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.result | 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.static | 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.taking | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.theory | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.types, | 140, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.useful | 322 |
| abstract_inverted_index.valid. | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Dynamic | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.account | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyze | 330 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applied | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.average | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.before, | 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.brains, | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cameras | 296 |
| abstract_inverted_index.closely | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correct | 327 |
| abstract_inverted_index.derived | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ergodic | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exploit | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ignored | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imaging | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in-vivo | 337 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lacking | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measure | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pixels, | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.related | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.result, | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spatial | 50, 85, 131, 211, 233, 331 |
| abstract_inverted_index.speckle | 6, 19, 34, 51, 193, 334 |
| abstract_inverted_index.summary | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.varying | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Although | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cerebral | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.choosing | 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 304 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contrast | 7, 52, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detailed | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ensemble | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formulas | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.function | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.misused. | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtained | 277 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provides | 320 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantify | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.temporal | 33, 98, 133, 213, 235, 333 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utilized | 24, 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.averaging | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coherence | 136, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.component | 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detection | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diffusive | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.elaborate | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increased | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.instance, | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.instances | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intensity | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patterns, | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scatterer | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sometimes | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spatially | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.speckles, | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.typically | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Therefore, | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calculated | 45, 56, 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inaccurate | 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scattering | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.statistics | 17, 214, 335 |
| abstract_inverted_index.techniques | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technology | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assumptions | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.derivations | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.differences | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maintaining | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.principles, | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.properties, | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.properties. | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.statistics, | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.theoretical | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characterize | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrated | 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.established, | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mathematical | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurements | 129, 200, 241, 251, 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particularly | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calculations, | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurements, | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurements. | 59, 341 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conventionally, | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-ergodicity, | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.auto-correlation | 36 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 98 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.46000000834465027 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Reduced inequalities |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.93630368 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |