Early Stages of Dusty Tori: The First Infrared Spectra from a Highly Multiscale Quasar Simulation Article Swipe
Jaeden Bardati
,
Philip F. Hopkins
,
Gordon T. Richards
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.09770
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.09770
We present the first infrared spectral predictions from a self-consistent simulation of the formation of a quasar in a starburst galaxy, spanning cosmological to innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) scales. The infrared emission is dominated by a torus-like dust structure composed of the highly magnetized, turbulence-supported outer accretion disk and of accreting gas tidally torn from the interstellar medium (ISM). At these early stages, the AGN is buried and Compton-thick. The near- to mid-IR escaping luminosity varies by almost an order of magnitude across sightlines, largely due to extinction from the inflowing stream of cold dust. Self-absorption within the torus suppresses silicate emission features, and further reprocessing by the ambient ISM leads to prominent silicate absorption and colder IR emission. The sublimation structure is stratified by composition and size, producing sightline-dependent extinction curves that intrinsically vary in shape. However, after repeated scattering in the optically thick dusty medium, these curves emerge substantially grayed. We also demonstrate that bipolar outflows from the central black hole that carve biconical cavities and reveal the central engine in later stages can preserve IR anisotropy and silicate features. These results suggest that dusty starburst quasars can undergo a buried, IR-bright phase early in their evolution.
Related Topics
Concepts
No concepts available.
Metadata
- Type
- preprint
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09770
- https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09770
- OA Status
- green
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4414591785
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4414591785Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.09770Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Early Stages of Dusty Tori: The First Infrared Spectra from a Highly Multiscale Quasar SimulationWork title
- Type
-
preprintOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-09-11Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Jaeden Bardati, Philip F. Hopkins, Gordon T. RichardsList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09770Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09770Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
greenOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09770Direct OA link when available
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4414591785 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.09770 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.09770 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4414591785 |
| fwci | |
| type | preprint |
| title | Early Stages of Dusty Tori: The First Infrared Spectra from a Highly Multiscale Quasar Simulation |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10251 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[0].score | 0.9958000183105469 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| topics[0].display_name | Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10477 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[1].score | 0.9854000210762024 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| topics[1].display_name | Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10159 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[2].score | 0.9850000143051147 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| topics[2].display_name | Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.09770 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| locations[0].source.issn | |
| locations[0].source.type | repository |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | |
| locations[0].source.is_core | False |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09770 |
| locations[0].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | text |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | False |
| locations[0].is_published | False |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09770 |
| locations[1].id | doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.09770 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[1].license | cc-by |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.09770 |
| indexed_in | arxiv, datacite |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5092622491 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8417-4480 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Jaeden Bardati |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Bardati, Jaeden |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5038938655 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-1684 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Philip F. Hopkins |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Hopkins, Philip F. |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5039806724 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1061-1804 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Gordon T. Richards |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Richards, Gordon T. |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09770 |
| open_access.oa_status | green |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Early Stages of Dusty Tori: The First Infrared Spectra from a Highly Multiscale Quasar Simulation |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10251 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9958000183105469 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| primary_topic.display_name | Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.09770 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | |
| best_oa_location.source.type | repository |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | False |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09770 |
| best_oa_location.version | submittedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | text |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | False |
| best_oa_location.is_published | False |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09770 |
| primary_location.id | pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.09770 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| primary_location.source.issn | |
| primary_location.source.type | repository |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | |
| primary_location.source.is_core | False |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.09770 |
| primary_location.version | submittedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | text |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | False |
| primary_location.is_published | False |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09770 |
| publication_date | 2025-09-11 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works_count | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 8, 15, 18, 36, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.At | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.IR | 118, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 0, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 35, 77, 107, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 17, 136, 142, 173, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 33, 66, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 11, 14, 41, 50, 81, 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 23, 72, 87, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AGN | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ISM | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 30, 70, 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 49, 68, 104, 116, 127, 168, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 176, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gas | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 2, 12, 42, 56, 64, 90, 98, 108, 143, 160, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cold | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disk | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dust | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 7, 55, 89, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hole | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 133, 156, 164, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.torn | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vary | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.after | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.black | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carve | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dust. | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dusty | 146, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.early | 62, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.later | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leads | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.near- | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.orbit | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.order | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outer | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phase | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.size, | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 61, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thick | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.torus | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ISCO) | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ISM). | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.almost | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.buried | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.colder | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.curves | 132, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emerge | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engine | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highly | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.medium | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mid-IR | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quasar | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reveal | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shape. | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stable | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stages | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stream | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.varies | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ambient | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bipolar | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.buried, | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.central | 161, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.galaxy, | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grayed. | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.largely | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.medium, | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quasars | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scales. | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stages, | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggest | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tidally | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.undergo | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cavities | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.circular | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.composed | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emission | 32, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.escaping | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infrared | 4, 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outflows | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preserve | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.repeated | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.silicate | 101, 114, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spanning | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spectral | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.IR-bright | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accreting | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accretion | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.biconical | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dominated | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emission. | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.features, | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.features. | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formation | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inflowing | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.innermost | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.magnitude | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optically | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.producing | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prominent | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.starburst | 19, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structure | 39, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.absorption | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anisotropy | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evolution. | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extinction | 88, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.luminosity | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scattering | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulation | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stratified | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suppresses | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.torus-like | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.composition | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.magnetized, | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predictions | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sightlines, | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sublimation | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cosmological | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interstellar | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reprocessing | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intrinsically | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substantially | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Compton-thick. | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Self-absorption | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.self-consistent | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sightline-dependent | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.turbulence-supported | 45 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| citation_normalized_percentile |