Effect of streamflow measurement error on flood frequency estimation Article Swipe

PDF

Nicolás Velásquez , Witold F. Krajewski ·

YOU? · · 2024 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1

Significant errors often arise when measuring streamflow during high flows and flood events. Such errors conflated by short records of observations may induce bias in the flood frequency estimates, leading to costly engineering design mistakes. This work illustrates how observational (measurement) errors affect the uncertainty of flood frequency estimation. The study used the Bulletin 17 C (US standard) method to estimate flood frequencies of historical peak flows modified to represent the measurement limitations. To perform the modifications, we explored, via Monte Carlo simulation, four hypothetical scenarios that mimic measurement errors, sample size limitations, and their combination. We used a multiplicative noise from a log-normal distribution to simulate the measurement errors and implemented a bootstrap approach to represent the sampling error. Then, we randomly selected M samples from the total N records of the observed peak flows of four gauging stations in Iowa in central USA. The observed data record ranges between 76 and 119 years for watersheds with drainage areas between 500 and 16,000 km 2 . According to the results, measurement errors lead to more significant differences than sampling limitations. The scenarios exhibited differences with median magnitudes of up to 50%, with some cases reaching differences up to 100% for return periods above 50 years. The results raise a red flag regarding flood frequency estimation that warrants looking for further research on observational errors.

Related Topics

Estimation

Flood Myth

Environmental Science

Artificial Intelligence

Drainage Basin

Geotechnical Engineering

Engineering

Archaeology

Systems Engineering

Concepts

Streamflow Estimation Flood myth Environmental science Statistics Computational intelligence Observational error Hydrology (agriculture) Mathematics Climatology Geology Computer science Geography Cartography Artificial intelligence Drainage basin Geotechnical engineering Engineering Archaeology Systems engineering

Metadata

Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1
PDF: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1.pdf
OA Status: hybrid
Cited By: 2
References: 45
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4393155615

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4393155615

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Effect of streamflow measurement error on flood frequency estimation

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2024

Year of publication
Publication date: 2024-03-25

Full publication date if available
Authors: Nicolás Velásquez, Witold F. Krajewski

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1.pdf

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: hybrid

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1.pdf

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Streamflow, Estimation, Flood myth, Environmental science, Statistics, Computational intelligence, Observational error, Hydrology (agriculture), Mathematics, Climatology, Geology, Computer science, Geography, Cartography, Artificial intelligence, Drainage basin, Geotechnical engineering, Engineering, Archaeology, Systems engineering

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 2

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2025: 1, 2024: 1

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
References (count): 45

Number of works referenced by this work
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4393155615
doi	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4393155615
fwci	1.14756822
type	article
title	Effect of streamflow measurement error on flood frequency estimation
awards[0].id	https://openalex.org/G6220608252
awards[0].funder_id	https://openalex.org/F4320333547
awards[0].display_name
awards[0].funder_award_id	69A3551747107
awards[0].funder_display_name	Mid-America Transportation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
awards[1].id	https://openalex.org/G7950758309
awards[1].funder_id	https://openalex.org/F4320315308
awards[1].display_name
awards[1].funder_award_id	TR-669
awards[1].funder_display_name	Iowa Department of Transportation
biblio.issue	7
biblio.volume	38
biblio.last_page	2910
biblio.first_page	2903
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T10930
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/23
topics[0].field.display_name	Environmental Science
topics[0].score	0.9995999932289124
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[0].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2306
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Global and Planetary Change
topics[0].display_name	Flood Risk Assessment and Management
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T10330
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/23
topics[1].field.display_name	Environmental Science
topics[1].score	0.9988999962806702
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[1].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2312
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Water Science and Technology
topics[1].display_name	Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T11186
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/23
topics[2].field.display_name	Environmental Science
topics[2].score	0.996399998664856
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[2].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2306
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Global and Planetary Change
topics[2].display_name	Hydrology and Drought Analysis
funders[0].id	https://openalex.org/F4320315308
funders[0].ror
funders[0].display_name	Iowa Department of Transportation
funders[1].id	https://openalex.org/F4320333547
funders[1].ror	https://ror.org/02awpzy50
funders[1].display_name	Mid-America Transportation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
is_xpac	False
apc_list.value	2790
apc_list.currency	EUR
apc_list.value_usd	3590
apc_paid.value	2790
apc_paid.currency	EUR
apc_paid.value_usd	3590
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C53739315
concepts[0].level	3
concepts[0].score	0.7928120493888855
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29425295
concepts[0].display_name	Streamflow
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C96250715
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.5806876420974731
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330
concepts[1].display_name	Estimation
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C74256435
concepts[2].level	2
concepts[2].score	0.5619971752166748
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052
concepts[2].display_name	Flood myth
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C39432304
concepts[3].level	0
concepts[3].score	0.4980156421661377
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847
concepts[3].display_name	Environmental science
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C105795698
concepts[4].level	1
concepts[4].score	0.43717503547668457
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483
concepts[4].display_name	Statistics
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C139502532
concepts[5].level	2
concepts[5].score	0.4350164830684662
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090
concepts[5].display_name	Computational intelligence
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C19619285
concepts[6].level	2
concepts[6].score	0.4341428875923157
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372
concepts[6].display_name	Observational error
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C76886044
concepts[7].level	2
concepts[7].score	0.39086222648620605
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300
concepts[7].display_name	Hydrology (agriculture)
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C33923547
concepts[8].level	0
concepts[8].score	0.352027952671051
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395
concepts[8].display_name	Mathematics
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C49204034
concepts[9].level	1
concepts[9].score	0.33241117000579834
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139
concepts[9].display_name	Climatology
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C127313418
concepts[10].level	0
concepts[10].score	0.2761320471763611
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069
concepts[10].display_name	Geology
concepts[11].id	https://openalex.org/C41008148
concepts[11].level	0
concepts[11].score	0.2641918659210205
concepts[11].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198
concepts[11].display_name	Computer science
concepts[12].id	https://openalex.org/C205649164
concepts[12].level	0
concepts[12].score	0.19682365655899048
concepts[12].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071
concepts[12].display_name	Geography
concepts[13].id	https://openalex.org/C58640448
concepts[13].level	1
concepts[13].score	0.09916317462921143
concepts[13].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515
concepts[13].display_name	Cartography
concepts[14].id	https://openalex.org/C154945302
concepts[14].level	1
concepts[14].score	0.08891001343727112
concepts[14].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660
concepts[14].display_name	Artificial intelligence
concepts[15].id	https://openalex.org/C126645576
concepts[15].level	2
concepts[15].score	0.08727464079856873
concepts[15].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620
concepts[15].display_name	Drainage basin
concepts[16].id	https://openalex.org/C187320778
concepts[16].level	1
concepts[16].score	0.07920664548873901
concepts[16].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130
concepts[16].display_name	Geotechnical engineering
concepts[17].id	https://openalex.org/C127413603
concepts[17].level	0
concepts[17].score	0.07908588647842407
concepts[17].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023
concepts[17].display_name	Engineering
concepts[18].id	https://openalex.org/C166957645
concepts[18].level	1
concepts[18].score	0.0
concepts[18].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498
concepts[18].display_name	Archaeology
concepts[19].id	https://openalex.org/C201995342
concepts[19].level	1
concepts[19].score	0.0
concepts[19].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496
concepts[19].display_name	Systems engineering
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/streamflow
keywords[0].score	0.7928120493888855
keywords[0].display_name	Streamflow
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation
keywords[1].score	0.5806876420974731
keywords[1].display_name	Estimation
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-myth
keywords[2].score	0.5619971752166748
keywords[2].display_name	Flood myth
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science
keywords[3].score	0.4980156421661377
keywords[3].display_name	Environmental science
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics
keywords[4].score	0.43717503547668457
keywords[4].display_name	Statistics
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence
keywords[5].score	0.4350164830684662
keywords[5].display_name	Computational intelligence
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-error
keywords[6].score	0.4341428875923157
keywords[6].display_name	Observational error
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology
keywords[7].score	0.39086222648620605
keywords[7].display_name	Hydrology (agriculture)
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics
keywords[8].score	0.352027952671051
keywords[8].display_name	Mathematics
keywords[9].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology
keywords[9].score	0.33241117000579834
keywords[9].display_name	Climatology
keywords[10].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/geology
keywords[10].score	0.2761320471763611
keywords[10].display_name	Geology
keywords[11].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science
keywords[11].score	0.2641918659210205
keywords[11].display_name	Computer science
keywords[12].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/geography
keywords[12].score	0.19682365655899048
keywords[12].display_name	Geography
keywords[13].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography
keywords[13].score	0.09916317462921143
keywords[13].display_name	Cartography
keywords[14].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence
keywords[14].score	0.08891001343727112
keywords[14].display_name	Artificial intelligence
keywords[15].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/drainage-basin
keywords[15].score	0.08727464079856873
keywords[15].display_name	Drainage basin
keywords[16].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering
keywords[16].score	0.07920664548873901
keywords[16].display_name	Geotechnical engineering
keywords[17].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering
keywords[17].score	0.07908588647842407
keywords[17].display_name	Engineering
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S81024170
locations[0].source.issn	1436-3240, 1436-3259
locations[0].source.type	journal
locations[0].source.is_oa	False
locations[0].source.issn_l	1436-3240
locations[0].source.is_core	True
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[0].source.display_name	Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
locations[0].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310319900
locations[0].source.host_organization_name	Springer Science+Business Media
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310319900, https://openalex.org/P4310319965
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names	Springer Science+Business Media, Springer Nature
locations[0].license	cc-by
locations[0].pdf_url	https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1.pdf
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	journal-article
locations[0].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name	Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1
indexed_in	crossref
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5077185407
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8207-5492
authorships[0].author.display_name	Nicolás Velásquez
authorships[0].countries	US
authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I126307644
authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Iowa Flood Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
authorships[0].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I126307644
authorships[0].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/036jqmy94
authorships[0].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I126307644
authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name	University of Iowa
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Nicolás Velásquez
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings	Iowa Flood Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5043937417
authorships[1].author.orcid
authorships[1].author.display_name	Witold F. Krajewski
authorships[1].countries	US
authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I126307644
authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Iowa Flood Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
authorships[1].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I126307644
authorships[1].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/036jqmy94
authorships[1].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I126307644
authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name	University of Iowa
authorships[1].author_position	last
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Witold F. Krajewski
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings	Iowa Flood Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	True
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1.pdf
open_access.oa_status	hybrid
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Effect of streamflow measurement error on flood frequency estimation
has_fulltext	True
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-20T23:13:51.555489
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T10930
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/23
primary_topic.field.display_name	Environmental Science
primary_topic.score	0.9995999932289124
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2306
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Global and Planetary Change
primary_topic.display_name	Flood Risk Assessment and Management
related_works	https://openalex.org/W2439644404, https://openalex.org/W3174343427, https://openalex.org/W2000979301, https://openalex.org/W98325756, https://openalex.org/W2061279527, https://openalex.org/W105199006, https://openalex.org/W4213385761, https://openalex.org/W2335811955, https://openalex.org/W2804771885, https://openalex.org/W3183229010
cited_by_count	2
counts_by_year[0].year	2025
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	1
counts_by_year[1].year	2024
counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count	1
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S81024170
best_oa_location.source.issn	1436-3240, 1436-3259
best_oa_location.source.type	journal
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	False
best_oa_location.source.issn_l	1436-3240
best_oa_location.source.is_core	True
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310319900
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	Springer Science+Business Media
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310319900, https://openalex.org/P4310319965
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names	Springer Science+Business Media, Springer Nature
best_oa_location.license	cc-by
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1.pdf
best_oa_location.version	publishedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	journal-article
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	True
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1
primary_location.id	doi:10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S81024170
primary_location.source.issn	1436-3240, 1436-3259
primary_location.source.type	journal
primary_location.source.is_oa	False
primary_location.source.issn_l	1436-3240
primary_location.source.is_core	True
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
primary_location.source.display_name	Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
primary_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310319900
primary_location.source.host_organization_name	Springer Science+Business Media
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310319900, https://openalex.org/P4310319965
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names	Springer Science+Business Media, Springer Nature
primary_location.license	cc-by
primary_location.pdf_url	https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1.pdf
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	journal-article
primary_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name	Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02707-1
publication_date	2024-03-25
publication_year	2024
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W2171174555, https://openalex.org/W2750061470, https://openalex.org/W2922516039, https://openalex.org/W2026912756, https://openalex.org/W2163558741, https://openalex.org/W4292334785, https://openalex.org/W4308147572, https://openalex.org/W2099812305, https://openalex.org/W2010908680, https://openalex.org/W2436558142, https://openalex.org/W3008664166, https://openalex.org/W2800971089, https://openalex.org/W2022391027, https://openalex.org/W2103316487, https://openalex.org/W2791336151, https://openalex.org/W2005210873, https://openalex.org/W2987589806, https://openalex.org/W2896697209, https://openalex.org/W2035713012, https://openalex.org/W2158943111, https://openalex.org/W2888167712, https://openalex.org/W94390929, https://openalex.org/W2079628820, https://openalex.org/W4245178479, https://openalex.org/W2032092130, https://openalex.org/W2093689556, https://openalex.org/W2925299697, https://openalex.org/W3116488333, https://openalex.org/W1973964369, https://openalex.org/W3106800947, https://openalex.org/W4220765356, https://openalex.org/W2065955587, https://openalex.org/W1862346859, https://openalex.org/W1560205290, https://openalex.org/W2762283080, https://openalex.org/W1984755930, https://openalex.org/W2067278747, https://openalex.org/W3080784291, https://openalex.org/W3129612579, https://openalex.org/W2332118456, https://openalex.org/W4285159568, https://openalex.org/W4391650700, https://openalex.org/W3137821871, https://openalex.org/W42489679, https://openalex.org/W2594153197
referenced_works_count	45
abstract_inverted_index..	167
abstract_inverted_index.2	166
abstract_inverted_index.C	56
abstract_inverted_index.M	125
abstract_inverted_index.N	130
abstract_inverted_index.a	99, 103, 113, 210
abstract_inverted_index.17	55
abstract_inverted_index.50	205
abstract_inverted_index.76	152
abstract_inverted_index.To	74
abstract_inverted_index.We	97
abstract_inverted_index.by	17
abstract_inverted_index.in	25, 141, 143
abstract_inverted_index.km	165
abstract_inverted_index.of	20, 46, 64, 132, 137, 189
abstract_inverted_index.on	223
abstract_inverted_index.to	31, 60, 69, 106, 116, 169, 175, 191, 199
abstract_inverted_index.up	190, 198
abstract_inverted_index.we	78, 122
abstract_inverted_index.(US	57
abstract_inverted_index.119	154
abstract_inverted_index.500	162
abstract_inverted_index.The	50, 146, 182, 207
abstract_inverted_index.and	11, 94, 111, 153, 163
abstract_inverted_index.for	156, 201, 220
abstract_inverted_index.how	39
abstract_inverted_index.may	22
abstract_inverted_index.red	211
abstract_inverted_index.the	26, 44, 53, 71, 76, 108, 118, 128, 133, 170
abstract_inverted_index.via	80
abstract_inverted_index.100%	200
abstract_inverted_index.50%,	192
abstract_inverted_index.Iowa	142
abstract_inverted_index.Such	14
abstract_inverted_index.This	36
abstract_inverted_index.USA.	145
abstract_inverted_index.bias	24
abstract_inverted_index.data	148
abstract_inverted_index.flag	212
abstract_inverted_index.four	84, 138
abstract_inverted_index.from	102, 127
abstract_inverted_index.high	9
abstract_inverted_index.lead	174
abstract_inverted_index.more	176
abstract_inverted_index.peak	66, 135
abstract_inverted_index.size	92
abstract_inverted_index.some	194
abstract_inverted_index.than	179
abstract_inverted_index.that	87, 217
abstract_inverted_index.used	52, 98
abstract_inverted_index.when	5
abstract_inverted_index.with	158, 186, 193
abstract_inverted_index.work	37
abstract_inverted_index.Carlo	82
abstract_inverted_index.Monte	81
abstract_inverted_index.Then,	121
abstract_inverted_index.above	204
abstract_inverted_index.areas	160
abstract_inverted_index.arise	4
abstract_inverted_index.cases	195
abstract_inverted_index.flood	12, 27, 47, 62, 214
abstract_inverted_index.flows	10, 67, 136
abstract_inverted_index.mimic	88
abstract_inverted_index.noise	101
abstract_inverted_index.often	3
abstract_inverted_index.raise	209
abstract_inverted_index.short	18
abstract_inverted_index.study	51
abstract_inverted_index.their	95
abstract_inverted_index.total	129
abstract_inverted_index.years	155
abstract_inverted_index.16,000	164
abstract_inverted_index.affect	43
abstract_inverted_index.costly	32
abstract_inverted_index.design	34
abstract_inverted_index.during	8
abstract_inverted_index.error.	120
abstract_inverted_index.errors	2, 15, 42, 110, 173
abstract_inverted_index.induce	23
abstract_inverted_index.median	187
abstract_inverted_index.method	59
abstract_inverted_index.ranges	150
abstract_inverted_index.record	149
abstract_inverted_index.return	202
abstract_inverted_index.sample	91
abstract_inverted_index.years.	206
abstract_inverted_index.between	151, 161
abstract_inverted_index.central	144
abstract_inverted_index.errors,	90
abstract_inverted_index.errors.	225
abstract_inverted_index.events.	13
abstract_inverted_index.further	221
abstract_inverted_index.gauging	139
abstract_inverted_index.leading	30
abstract_inverted_index.looking	219
abstract_inverted_index.perform	75
abstract_inverted_index.periods	203
abstract_inverted_index.records	19, 131
abstract_inverted_index.results	208
abstract_inverted_index.samples	126
abstract_inverted_index.Abstract	0
abstract_inverted_index.Bulletin	54
abstract_inverted_index.approach	115
abstract_inverted_index.drainage	159
abstract_inverted_index.estimate	61
abstract_inverted_index.modified	68
abstract_inverted_index.observed	134, 147
abstract_inverted_index.randomly	123
abstract_inverted_index.reaching	196
abstract_inverted_index.research	222
abstract_inverted_index.results,	171
abstract_inverted_index.sampling	119, 180
abstract_inverted_index.selected	124
abstract_inverted_index.simulate	107
abstract_inverted_index.stations	140
abstract_inverted_index.warrants	218
abstract_inverted_index.According	168
abstract_inverted_index.bootstrap	114
abstract_inverted_index.conflated	16
abstract_inverted_index.exhibited	184
abstract_inverted_index.explored,	79
abstract_inverted_index.frequency	28, 48, 215
abstract_inverted_index.measuring	6
abstract_inverted_index.mistakes.	35
abstract_inverted_index.regarding	213
abstract_inverted_index.represent	70, 117
abstract_inverted_index.scenarios	86, 183
abstract_inverted_index.standard)	58
abstract_inverted_index.estimates,	29
abstract_inverted_index.estimation	216
abstract_inverted_index.historical	65
abstract_inverted_index.log-normal	104
abstract_inverted_index.magnitudes	188
abstract_inverted_index.streamflow	7
abstract_inverted_index.watersheds	157
abstract_inverted_index.Significant	1
abstract_inverted_index.differences	178, 185, 197
abstract_inverted_index.engineering	33
abstract_inverted_index.estimation.	49
abstract_inverted_index.frequencies	63
abstract_inverted_index.illustrates	38
abstract_inverted_index.implemented	112
abstract_inverted_index.measurement	72, 89, 109, 172
abstract_inverted_index.significant	177
abstract_inverted_index.simulation,	83
abstract_inverted_index.uncertainty	45
abstract_inverted_index.combination.	96
abstract_inverted_index.distribution	105
abstract_inverted_index.hypothetical	85
abstract_inverted_index.limitations,	93
abstract_inverted_index.limitations.	73, 181
abstract_inverted_index.observations	21
abstract_inverted_index.(measurement)	41
abstract_inverted_index.observational	40, 224
abstract_inverted_index.modifications,	77
abstract_inverted_index.multiplicative	100
cited_by_percentile_year.max	95
cited_by_percentile_year.min	90
countries_distinct_count	1
institutions_distinct_count	2
sustainable_development_goals[0].id	https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11
sustainable_development_goals[0].score	0.44999998807907104
sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name	Sustainable cities and communities
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.68222464
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False