Effect of Wearing a Face Mask on Hand-to-Face Contact by Children in a Simulated School Environment Article Swipe
Michelle Science
,
Monica Caldeira‐Kulbakas
,
Rulan S. Parekh
,
Bryan Maguire
,
Stacie Carroll
,
Samantha J. Anthony
,
Ari Bitnun
,
Laura E Bourns
,
Douglas M. Campbell
,
Eyal Cohen
,
Alison Dodds
,
Vinita Dubey
,
Jeremy Friedman
,
Jodi L Greenwood
,
Jessica Hopkins
,
Ryan Imgrund
,
Daphne J. Korczak
,
Thomas Looi
,
Emily Louca
,
Dominik Mertz
,
John Nashid
,
Giovanna Panzera
,
Jane E. Schneiderman
,
Kevin L. Schwartz
,
Laurie Streitenberger
,
Sunayna Vuppal
,
Catharine M. Walsh
,
Peter Jüni
,
Clyde Matava
,
Upton Allen
,
Allison D. Alvares
,
Catherine S. Birken
,
Ahuva Brown
,
V. Carbone
,
Anne Christie
,
Maureen Cividino
,
Justine Cohen-Silver
,
Ronald D. Cohn
,
Jennifer Crosbie
,
Bruno R. da Costa
,
Blossom Dharmaraj
,
Sloane Freeman
,
Karolina Gaebe
,
Omar Hajjaj
,
Lennox Huang
,
Sarah Khan
,
Eon Lee
,
Charlotte Logeman
,
Sanaz Manteghi
,
Clara Moore
,
Shaun K. Morris
,
Julia Orkin
,
Sydney D. Pelger
,
Lauren Pickel
,
Soha Salman
,
Ainslie Claire Shouldice
,
Rachel Solomon
,
Nisha Thampi
,
Kevin E. Thorpe
,
A Wasiak
,
Jiayin Xie
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3833
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3833
Importance Wearing a face mask in school can reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission but it may also lead to increased hand-to-face contact, which in turn could increase infection risk through self-inoculation. Objective To evaluate the effect of wearing a face mask on hand-to-face contact by children while at school. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective randomized clinical trial randomized students from junior kindergarten to grade 12 at 2 schools in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, during August 2020 in a 1:1 ratio to either a mask or control class during a 2-day school simulation. Classes were video recorded from 4 angles to accurately capture outcomes. Interventions Participants in the mask arm were instructed to bring their own mask and wear it at all times. Students assigned to control classes were not required to mask at any time (grade 4 and lower) or in the classroom where physical distancing could be maintained (grade 5 and up). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the number of hand-to-face contacts per student per hour on day 2 of the simulation. Secondary outcomes included hand-to-mucosa contacts and hand-to-nonmucosa contacts. A mixed Poisson regression model was used to derive rate ratios (RRs), adjusted for age and sex with a random intercept for class with bootstrapped 95% CIs. Results A total of 174 students underwent randomization and 171 students (mask group, 50.6% male; control group, 52.4% male) attended school on day 2. The rate of hand-to-face contacts did not differ significantly between the mask and the control groups (88.2 vs 88.7 events per student per hour; RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.78-1.28; P = >.99). When compared with the control group, the rate of hand-to-mucosa contacts was significantly lower in the mask group (RR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.07-0.21), while the rate of hand-to-nonmucosa contacts was higher (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.08-1.82). Conclusions and Relevance In this clinical trial of simulated school attendance, hand-to-face contacts did not differ among students required to wear face masks vs students not required to wear face masks; however, hand-to-mucosa contracts were lower in the face mask group. This suggests that mask wearing is unlikely to increase infection risk through self-inoculation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04531254
Related Topics
Concepts
Medicine
Face masks
Randomized controlled trial
Poisson regression
Randomization
Face-to-face
Psychological intervention
Physical therapy
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Nursing
Surgery
Population
Disease
Infectious disease (medical specialty)
Epistemology
Environmental health
Pathology
Philosophy
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3833
- https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2797601/jamapediatrics_science_2022_oi_220060_1669653270.24893.pdf
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 7
- References
- 47
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4307178537
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4307178537Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3833Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Effect of Wearing a Face Mask on Hand-to-Face Contact by Children in a Simulated School EnvironmentWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-10-24Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Michelle Science, Monica Caldeira‐Kulbakas, Rulan S. Parekh, Bryan Maguire, Stacie Carroll, Samantha J. Anthony, Ari Bitnun, Laura E Bourns, Douglas M. Campbell, Eyal Cohen, Alison Dodds, Vinita Dubey, Jeremy Friedman, Jodi L Greenwood, Jessica Hopkins, Ryan Imgrund, Daphne J. Korczak, Thomas Looi, Emily Louca, Dominik Mertz, John Nashid, Giovanna Panzera, Jane E. Schneiderman, Kevin L. Schwartz, Laurie Streitenberger, Sunayna Vuppal, Catharine M. Walsh, Peter Jüni, Clyde Matava, Upton Allen, Allison D. Alvares, Catherine S. Birken, Ahuva Brown, V. Carbone, Anne Christie, Maureen Cividino, Justine Cohen-Silver, Ronald D. Cohn, Jennifer Crosbie, Bruno R. da Costa, Blossom Dharmaraj, Sloane Freeman, Karolina Gaebe, Omar Hajjaj, Lennox Huang, Sarah Khan, Eon Lee, Charlotte Logeman, Sanaz Manteghi, Clara Moore, Shaun K. Morris, Julia Orkin, Sydney D. Pelger, Lauren Pickel, Soha Salman, Ainslie Claire Shouldice, Rachel Solomon, Nisha Thampi, Kevin E. Thorpe, A Wasiak, Jiayin XieList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3833Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2797601/jamapediatrics_science_2022_oi_220060_1669653270.24893.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2797601/jamapediatrics_science_2022_oi_220060_1669653270.24893.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Medicine, Face masks, Randomized controlled trial, Poisson regression, Randomization, Face-to-face, Psychological intervention, Physical therapy, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Nursing, Surgery, Population, Disease, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Epistemology, Environmental health, Pathology, PhilosophyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
7Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 2, 2024: 2, 2023: 3Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
47Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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