Electromagnetically Reconfigurable Fluid Antenna System for Wireless Communications: Design, Modeling, Algorithm, Fabrication, and Experiment Article Swipe

PDF

Ruiqi Wang , Pinjun Zheng , Vijith Varma Kotte , Sakandar Rauf , Yiming Yang , Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri , Atif Shamim ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.19643

This paper presents the concept, design, channel modeling, beamforming algorithm development, prototype fabrication, and experimental measurement of an electromagnetically reconfigurable fluid antenna system (ER-FAS), in which each FAS array element features electromagnetic (EM) reconfigurability. Unlike most existing FAS works that investigate spatial reconfigurability by adjusting the position and/or orientation of array elements, the proposed ER-FAS enables direct control over the EM characteristics of each element, allowing for dynamic radiation pattern reconfigurability. Specifically, a novel ER-FAS architecture leveraging software-controlled fluidics is proposed, and corresponding wireless channel models are established. Based on this ER-FAS channel model, a low-complexity greedy beamforming algorithm is developed to jointly optimize the analog phase shift and the radiation state of each array element. The accuracy of the ER-FAS channel model and the effectiveness of the beamforming algorithm are validated through (i) full-wave EM simulations and (ii) numerical spectral efficiency evaluations. These results confirm that the proposed ER-FAS significantly enhances spectral efficiency in both near-field and far-field scenarios compared to conventional antenna arrays. To further validate this design, we fabricate prototypes for both the ER-FAS element and array, using Galinstan liquid metal alloy, fluid silver paste, and software-controlled fluidic channels. The simulation results are experimentally validated through prototype measurements conducted in an anechoic chamber. Additionally, several indoor communication experiments using a pair of software-defined radios demonstrate the superior received power and bit error rate performance of the ER-FAS prototype.

Related Topics

Diesel Exhaust Fluid

Non-Newtonian Fluid

Stall (Fluid Dynamics)

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

Euler Equations (Fluid Dynamics)

Amniotic Fluid

Fluid Ounce

Automatic Transmission Fluid

Fluid Coupling

Cutting Fluid

Fluid Catalytic Cracking

Concepts

No concepts available.

Metadata

Type: preprint
Language: en
Landing Page: http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19643
PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.19643
OA Status: green
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4415080500

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4415080500

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.19643

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Electromagnetically Reconfigurable Fluid Antenna System for Wireless Communications: Design, Modeling, Algorithm, Fabrication, and Experiment

Work title
Type: preprint

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2025

Year of publication
Publication date: 2025-02-27

Full publication date if available
Authors: Ruiqi Wang, Pinjun Zheng, Vijith Varma Kotte, Sakandar Rauf, Yiming Yang, Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman, Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri, Atif Shamim

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19643

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.19643

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: green

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.19643

Direct OA link when available
Cited by: 0

Total citation count in OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4415080500
doi	https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.19643
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.19643
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4415080500
fwci
type	preprint
title	Electromagnetically Reconfigurable Fluid Antenna System for Wireless Communications: Design, Modeling, Algorithm, Fabrication, and Experiment
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page
biblio.first_page
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T10069
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/22
topics[0].field.display_name	Engineering
topics[0].score	0.9725000262260437
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[0].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2202
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Aerospace Engineering
topics[0].display_name	Antenna Design and Analysis
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T11392
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/22
topics[1].field.display_name	Engineering
topics[1].score	0.9151999950408936
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[1].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2208
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Electrical and Electronic Engineering
topics[1].display_name	Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
language	en
locations[0].id	pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2502.19643
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
locations[0].source.issn
locations[0].source.type	repository
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l
locations[0].source.is_core	False
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[0].source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
locations[0].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[0].source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[0].license
locations[0].pdf_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.19643
locations[0].version	submittedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	text
locations[0].license_id
locations[0].is_accepted	False
locations[0].is_published	False
locations[0].raw_source_name
locations[0].landing_page_url	http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19643
locations[1].id	doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.19643
locations[1].is_oa	True
locations[1].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
locations[1].source.issn
locations[1].source.type	repository
locations[1].source.is_oa	True
locations[1].source.issn_l
locations[1].source.is_core	False
locations[1].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[1].source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
locations[1].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[1].source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
locations[1].license
locations[1].pdf_url
locations[1].version
locations[1].raw_type	article
locations[1].license_id
locations[1].is_accepted	False
locations[1].is_published
locations[1].raw_source_name
locations[1].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.19643
indexed_in	arxiv, datacite
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5100387947
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0431-829X
authorships[0].author.display_name	Ruiqi Wang
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Wang, Ruiqi
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5063198174
authorships[1].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5362-7649
authorships[1].author.display_name	Pinjun Zheng
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Zheng, Pinjun
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5066288053
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1677-4249
authorships[2].author.display_name	Vijith Varma Kotte
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Kotte, Vijith Varma
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5039794954
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-3312
authorships[3].author.display_name	Sakandar Rauf
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Rauf, Sakandar
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5041434096
authorships[4].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1359-0364
authorships[4].author.display_name	Yiming Yang
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Yang, Yiming
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5023667617
authorships[5].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-0886
authorships[5].author.display_name	Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman
authorships[5].author_position	middle
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Rahman, Muhammad Mahboob Ur
authorships[5].is_corresponding	False
authorships[6].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5066119580
authorships[6].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-4720
authorships[6].author.display_name	Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri
authorships[6].author_position	middle
authorships[6].raw_author_name	Al-Naffouri, Tareq Y.
authorships[6].is_corresponding	False
authorships[7].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5077748137
authorships[7].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4207-4740
authorships[7].author.display_name	Atif Shamim
authorships[7].author_position	last
authorships[7].raw_author_name	Shamim, Atif
authorships[7].is_corresponding	False
has_content.pdf	False
has_content.grobid_xml	False
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.19643
open_access.oa_status	green
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-12T00:00:00
display_name	Electromagnetically Reconfigurable Fluid Antenna System for Wireless Communications: Design, Modeling, Algorithm, Fabrication, and Experiment
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T10069
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/22
primary_topic.field.display_name	Engineering
primary_topic.score	0.9725000262260437
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2202
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Aerospace Engineering
primary_topic.display_name	Antenna Design and Analysis
cited_by_count	0
locations_count	2
best_oa_location.id	pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2502.19643
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
best_oa_location.source.issn
best_oa_location.source.type	repository
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l
best_oa_location.source.is_core	False
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
best_oa_location.license
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.19643
best_oa_location.version	submittedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	text
best_oa_location.license_id
best_oa_location.is_accepted	False
best_oa_location.is_published	False
best_oa_location.raw_source_name
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19643
primary_location.id	pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2502.19643
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4306400194
primary_location.source.issn
primary_location.source.type	repository
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l
primary_location.source.is_core	False
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
primary_location.source.display_name	arXiv (Cornell University)
primary_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/I205783295
primary_location.source.host_organization_name	Cornell University
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/I205783295
primary_location.license
primary_location.pdf_url	https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.19643
primary_location.version	submittedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	text
primary_location.license_id
primary_location.is_accepted	False
primary_location.is_published	False
primary_location.raw_source_name
primary_location.landing_page_url	http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19643
publication_date	2025-02-27
publication_year	2025
referenced_works_count	0
abstract_inverted_index.a	72, 94, 212
abstract_inverted_index.EM	60, 135
abstract_inverted_index.To	165
abstract_inverted_index.an	17, 203
abstract_inverted_index.by	43
abstract_inverted_index.in	24, 154, 202
abstract_inverted_index.is	79, 99
abstract_inverted_index.of	16, 49, 62, 112, 118, 126, 214, 227
abstract_inverted_index.on	89
abstract_inverted_index.to	101, 161
abstract_inverted_index.we	170
abstract_inverted_index.(i)	133
abstract_inverted_index.FAS	27, 37
abstract_inverted_index.The	116, 192
abstract_inverted_index.and	13, 81, 108, 123, 137, 157, 178, 188, 222
abstract_inverted_index.are	86, 130, 195
abstract_inverted_index.bit	223
abstract_inverted_index.for	66, 173
abstract_inverted_index.the	3, 45, 52, 59, 104, 109, 119, 124, 127, 147, 175, 218, 228
abstract_inverted_index.(EM)	32
abstract_inverted_index.(ii)	138
abstract_inverted_index.This	0
abstract_inverted_index.both	155, 174
abstract_inverted_index.each	26, 63, 113
abstract_inverted_index.most	35
abstract_inverted_index.over	58
abstract_inverted_index.pair	213
abstract_inverted_index.rate	225
abstract_inverted_index.that	39, 146
abstract_inverted_index.this	90, 168
abstract_inverted_index.Based	88
abstract_inverted_index.These	143
abstract_inverted_index.array	28, 50, 114
abstract_inverted_index.error	224
abstract_inverted_index.fluid	20, 185
abstract_inverted_index.metal	183
abstract_inverted_index.model	122
abstract_inverted_index.novel	73
abstract_inverted_index.paper	1
abstract_inverted_index.phase	106
abstract_inverted_index.power	221
abstract_inverted_index.shift	107
abstract_inverted_index.state	111
abstract_inverted_index.using	180, 211
abstract_inverted_index.which	25
abstract_inverted_index.works	38
abstract_inverted_index.ER-FAS	54, 74, 91, 120, 149, 176, 229
abstract_inverted_index.Unlike	34
abstract_inverted_index.alloy,	184
abstract_inverted_index.analog	105
abstract_inverted_index.and/or	47
abstract_inverted_index.array,	179
abstract_inverted_index.direct	56
abstract_inverted_index.greedy	96
abstract_inverted_index.indoor	208
abstract_inverted_index.liquid	182
abstract_inverted_index.model,	93
abstract_inverted_index.models	85
abstract_inverted_index.paste,	187
abstract_inverted_index.radios	216
abstract_inverted_index.silver	186
abstract_inverted_index.system	22
abstract_inverted_index.antenna	21, 163
abstract_inverted_index.arrays.	164
abstract_inverted_index.channel	6, 84, 92, 121
abstract_inverted_index.confirm	145
abstract_inverted_index.control	57
abstract_inverted_index.design,	5, 169
abstract_inverted_index.dynamic	67
abstract_inverted_index.element	29, 177
abstract_inverted_index.enables	55
abstract_inverted_index.fluidic	190
abstract_inverted_index.further	166
abstract_inverted_index.jointly	102
abstract_inverted_index.pattern	69
abstract_inverted_index.results	144, 194
abstract_inverted_index.several	207
abstract_inverted_index.spatial	41
abstract_inverted_index.through	132, 198
abstract_inverted_index.accuracy	117
abstract_inverted_index.allowing	65
abstract_inverted_index.anechoic	204
abstract_inverted_index.chamber.	205
abstract_inverted_index.compared	160
abstract_inverted_index.concept,	4
abstract_inverted_index.element,	64
abstract_inverted_index.element.	115
abstract_inverted_index.enhances	151
abstract_inverted_index.existing	36
abstract_inverted_index.features	30
abstract_inverted_index.fluidics	78
abstract_inverted_index.optimize	103
abstract_inverted_index.position	46
abstract_inverted_index.presents	2
abstract_inverted_index.proposed	53, 148
abstract_inverted_index.received	220
abstract_inverted_index.spectral	140, 152
abstract_inverted_index.superior	219
abstract_inverted_index.validate	167
abstract_inverted_index.wireless	83
abstract_inverted_index.(ER-FAS),	23
abstract_inverted_index.Galinstan	181
abstract_inverted_index.adjusting	44
abstract_inverted_index.algorithm	9, 98, 129
abstract_inverted_index.channels.	191
abstract_inverted_index.conducted	201
abstract_inverted_index.developed	100
abstract_inverted_index.elements,	51
abstract_inverted_index.fabricate	171
abstract_inverted_index.far-field	158
abstract_inverted_index.full-wave	134
abstract_inverted_index.modeling,	7
abstract_inverted_index.numerical	139
abstract_inverted_index.proposed,	80
abstract_inverted_index.prototype	11, 199
abstract_inverted_index.radiation	68, 110
abstract_inverted_index.scenarios	159
abstract_inverted_index.validated	131, 197
abstract_inverted_index.efficiency	141, 153
abstract_inverted_index.leveraging	76
abstract_inverted_index.near-field	156
abstract_inverted_index.prototype.	230
abstract_inverted_index.prototypes	172
abstract_inverted_index.simulation	193
abstract_inverted_index.beamforming	8, 97, 128
abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate	217
abstract_inverted_index.experiments	210
abstract_inverted_index.investigate	40
abstract_inverted_index.measurement	15
abstract_inverted_index.orientation	48
abstract_inverted_index.performance	226
abstract_inverted_index.simulations	136
abstract_inverted_index.architecture	75
abstract_inverted_index.conventional	162
abstract_inverted_index.development,	10
abstract_inverted_index.established.	87
abstract_inverted_index.evaluations.	142
abstract_inverted_index.experimental	14
abstract_inverted_index.fabrication,	12
abstract_inverted_index.measurements	200
abstract_inverted_index.Additionally,	206
abstract_inverted_index.Specifically,	71
abstract_inverted_index.communication	209
abstract_inverted_index.corresponding	82
abstract_inverted_index.effectiveness	125
abstract_inverted_index.significantly	150
abstract_inverted_index.experimentally	196
abstract_inverted_index.low-complexity	95
abstract_inverted_index.reconfigurable	19
abstract_inverted_index.characteristics	61
abstract_inverted_index.electromagnetic	31
abstract_inverted_index.software-defined	215
abstract_inverted_index.reconfigurability	42
abstract_inverted_index.reconfigurability.	33, 70
abstract_inverted_index.electromagnetically	18
abstract_inverted_index.software-controlled	77, 189
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	8
citation_normalized_percentile