Environmental Impact of Rotationally Grazed Pastures at Different Management Intensities in South Africa Article Swipe
Hendrik P. J. Smit
,
Thorsten Reinsch
,
Pieter A. Swanepoel
,
Ralf Loges
,
Christof Kluß
,
F. Taube
·
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051214
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051214
Nitrogen fertilization, irrigation and concentrate feeding are important factors in rotational pasture management for dairy farms in South Africa. The extent to which these factors affect environmental efficiency is subject to current and intense debate among scientists. A three-year field study was conducted to investigate the yield response of different N-fertilizer treatments (0 (N0), 220 (N20), 440 (N40), 660 (N60) and 880 (N80) kg N ha−1 year−1) on grazed pastures and to calculate the carbon footprint (CF) of milk produced. Excessive N-fertilization (N60 and N80) did not increase herbage dry matter and energy yields from pastures. However, N80 indicated the highest N-yield but at the same time also the highest N surpluses at field level. A maximum fertilizer rate of 220 kg ha−1 year−1 (in addition to excreted N from grazing animals) appears sufficient to ensure adequate herbage yields (~20 t DM ha−1 year−1) with a slightly positive field-N-balance. This amount will prevent the depletion of soil C and N, with low N losses to the environment, where adequate milk yields of ~17 t ECM ha−1 with a low CF (~1.3 kg CO2 kg ECM−1) are reached. Methane from enteric fermentation (~49% ± 3.3) and N2O (~16% ± 3.2) emissions from irrigated pastures were the main contributors to the CF. A further CF reduction can be achieved by improved N-fertilization planning, low emission irrigation techniques and strategies to limit N2O emissions from pasture soils in South Africa.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051214
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/5/1214/pdf?version=1619318980
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 5
- References
- 54
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3156141387
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W3156141387Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051214Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Environmental Impact of Rotationally Grazed Pastures at Different Management Intensities in South AfricaWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-04-22Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Hendrik P. J. Smit, Thorsten Reinsch, Pieter A. Swanepoel, Ralf Loges, Christof Kluß, F. TaubeList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051214Publisher landing page
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https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/5/1214/pdf?version=1619318980Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/5/1214/pdf?version=1619318980Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Pasture, Grazing, Irrigation, Agronomy, Dry matter, Environmental science, Fertilizer, Human fertilization, Carbon footprint, Nitrogen, Forage, Soil water, Greenhouse gas, Animal science, Chemistry, Biology, Ecology, Soil science, Organic chemistryTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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5Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
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2024: 3, 2022: 1, 2021: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
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54Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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