Ethical Issues in the Design and Conduct of Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Trials in Hemodialysis Care: An Interview Study With Key Stakeholders Article Swipe
Stuart G. Nicholls
,
Kelly Carroll
,
Charles Weijer
,
Cory E. Goldstein
,
Jamie Brehaut
,
Manish M. Sood
,
Ahmed A. Al‐Jaishi
,
Erika Basile
,
Jeremy Grimshaw
,
Amit X. Garg
,
Monica Taljaard
·
YOU?
·
· 2020
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119
YOU?
·
· 2020
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119
Background: Pragmatic cluster randomized trials (CRTs) offer an opportunity to improve health care by answering important questions about the comparative effectiveness of treatments using a trial design that can be embedded in routine care. There is a lack of empirical research that addresses ethical issues generated by pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis. Objective: To identify stakeholder perceptions of ethical issues in pragmatic CRTs conducted in hemodialysis. Design: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Setting: In-person or telephone interviews with an international group of stakeholders. Participants: Stakeholders (clinical investigators, methodologists, ethicists and research ethics committee members, and other knowledge users) who had been involved in the design or conduct of a pragmatic individual patient or cluster randomized trial in hemodialysis, or their role would require them to review and evaluate pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis. Methods: Interviews were conducted in-person or over the telephone and were audio-recorded with consent. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim prior to analysis. Transcripts and field notes were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: Sixteen interviews were conducted with 19 individuals. Interviewees were largely drawn from North America (84%) and were predominantly clinical investigators (42%). Six themes were identified in which pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis raise ethical issues: (1) patients treated with hemodialysis as a vulnerable population, (2) appropriate approaches to informed consent, (3) research burdens, (4) roles and responsibilities of gatekeepers, (5) inequities in access to research, and (6) advocacy for patient-centered research and outcomes. Limitations: Participants were largely from North America and did not include research staff, who may have differing perspectives. Conclusions: The six themes reflect concerns relating to individual rights, but also the need to consider population-level issues. To date, concerns regarding inequity of access to research and the need for patient-centered research have received less coverage than other, well-known, issues such as consent. Pragmatic CRTs offer a potential approach to address equity concerns and we suggest future ethical analyses and guidance for pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis embed equity considerations within them. We further note the potential for the co-creation of health data infrastructure with patients which would aid care but also facilitate patient-centered research. These present results will inform planned future guidance in relation to the ethical design and conduct of pragmatic CRTs in hemodialysis. Trial Registration: Registration is not applicable as this is a qualitative study.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2054358120964119
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 9
- References
- 49
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3097794040
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3097794040Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Ethical Issues in the Design and Conduct of Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Trials in Hemodialysis Care: An Interview Study With Key StakeholdersWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2020Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2020-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Stuart G. Nicholls, Kelly Carroll, Charles Weijer, Cory E. Goldstein, Jamie Brehaut, Manish M. Sood, Ahmed A. Al‐Jaishi, Erika Basile, Jeremy Grimshaw, Amit X. Garg, Monica TaljaardList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2054358120964119Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2054358120964119Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Medicine, Hemodialysis, Randomized controlled trial, Key (lock), Nursing, Family medicine, Internal medicine, Computer security, Computer scienceTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
9Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1, 2024: 5, 2023: 1, 2022: 1, 2021: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
49Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3097794040 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| ids.mag | 3097794040 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33194212 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3097794040 |
| fwci | 0.73991649 |
| type | article |
| title | Ethical Issues in the Design and Conduct of Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Trials in Hemodialysis Care: An Interview Study With Key Stakeholders |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G8923770041 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320320994 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | Canada Research Chair in Health Knowledge Transfer |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Canada Research Chairs |
| awards[1].id | https://openalex.org/G2616536512 |
| awards[1].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320334506 |
| awards[1].display_name | |
| awards[1].funder_award_id | SPOR Innovative Clinical Trial Multi-Year Grant, |
| awards[1].funder_display_name | Canadian Institutes of Health Research |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 7 |
| biblio.last_page | 2054358120964119 |
| biblio.first_page | 2054358120964119 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10804 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Economics, Econometrics and Finance |
| topics[0].score | 0.9980999827384949 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2002 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Economics and Econometrics |
| topics[0].display_name | Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10582 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[1].score | 0.9868999719619751 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2739 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health |
| topics[1].display_name | Ethics in Clinical Research |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T13417 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[2].score | 0.9739999771118164 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2737 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Physiology |
| topics[2].display_name | Biomedical Ethics and Regulation |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320320994 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/0517h6h17 |
| funders[0].display_name | Canada Research Chairs |
| funders[1].id | https://openalex.org/F4320334506 |
| funders[1].ror | https://ror.org/01gavpb45 |
| funders[1].display_name | Canadian Institutes of Health Research |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1800 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1800 |
| apc_paid.value | 1800 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1800 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[0].level | 0 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6166231632232666 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2778063415 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6001986265182495 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391744 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Hemodialysis |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C168563851 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5483997464179993 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Randomized controlled trial |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C26517878 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.4367968440055847 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Key (lock) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C159110408 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.380882203578949 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Nursing |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C512399662 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.3457023501396179 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Family medicine |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C126322002 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.15760096907615662 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Internal medicine |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C38652104 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.10709694027900696 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Computer security |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.09453806281089783 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6166231632232666 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Medicine |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/hemodialysis |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6001986265182495 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Hemodialysis |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-controlled-trial |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5483997464179993 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Randomized controlled trial |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/key |
| keywords[3].score | 0.4367968440055847 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Key (lock) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing |
| keywords[4].score | 0.380882203578949 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Nursing |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/family-medicine |
| keywords[5].score | 0.3457023501396179 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Family medicine |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine |
| keywords[6].score | 0.15760096907615662 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Internal medicine |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security |
| keywords[7].score | 0.10709694027900696 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Computer security |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[8].score | 0.09453806281089783 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Computer science |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764509245 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2054-3581 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2054-3581 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | SAGE Publishing |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | SAGE Publishing |
| locations[0].license | cc-by-nc |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:33194212 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Canadian journal of kidney health and disease |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33194212 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e488748a775b4e4eb45efae2a49a447b |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, Vol 7 (2020) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/e488748a775b4e4eb45efae2a49a447b |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7597560 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].license | |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | Text |
| locations[3].license_id | |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Can J Kidney Health Dis |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7597560 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5085452163 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-9069 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Stuart G. Nicholls |
| authorships[0].countries | CA |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05jtef216 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153718931, https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Ottawa Hospital Research Institute |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03c62dg59 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | healthcare |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Ottawa Hospital |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Stuart G. Nicholls |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5073891550 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7367-0270 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Kelly Carroll |
| authorships[1].countries | CA |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05jtef216 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153718931, https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Ottawa Hospital Research Institute |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03c62dg59 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | healthcare |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | Ottawa Hospital |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Kelly Carroll |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5071015651 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5510-1074 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Charles Weijer |
| authorships[2].countries | CA |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Philosophy, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[2].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02grkyz14 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Western University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Charles Weijer |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Canada, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada, Department of Philosophy, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5055360677 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-5039 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Cory E. Goldstein |
| authorships[3].countries | CA |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Philosophy, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02grkyz14 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Western University |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Cory E. Goldstein |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Philosophy, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5072251348 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4213-1143 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Jamie Brehaut |
| authorships[4].countries | CA |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05jtef216 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153718931, https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Ottawa Hospital Research Institute |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03c62dg59 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].type | healthcare |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].display_name | Ottawa Hospital |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/03c4mmv16 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].country_code | CA |
| authorships[4].institutions[2].display_name | University of Ottawa |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Jamie Brehaut |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5036326268 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-2344 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Manish M. Sood |
| authorships[5].countries | CA |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Jindal Research Chair for the Prevention of Kidney Disease, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210147079 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario, Canada |
| authorships[5].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05jtef216 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153718931, https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Ottawa Hospital Research Institute |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210147079 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/05p6rhy72 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210147079 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].display_name | Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/03c62dg59 |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].type | healthcare |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].country_code | CA |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].display_name | Ottawa Hospital |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Manish M. Sood |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario, Canada, Jindal Research Chair for the Prevention of Kidney Disease, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5010873347 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-2214 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Ahmed A. Al‐Jaishi |
| authorships[6].countries | CA |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210161256, https://openalex.org/I98251732 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210161256 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05d9dsr70 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210161256 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Impact |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I98251732 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02fa3aq29 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I98251732 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].display_name | McMaster University |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Ahmed Al-Jaishi |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5066342457 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | Erika Basile |
| authorships[7].countries | CA |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Research Ethics and Compliance, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02grkyz14 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name | Western University |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | Erika Basile |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings | Research Ethics and Compliance, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5054403907 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8015-8243 |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | Jeremy Grimshaw |
| authorships[8].countries | CA |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[8].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[8].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05jtef216 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153718931, https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code | |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name | Ottawa Hospital Research Institute |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03c62dg59 |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].type | healthcare |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[8].institutions[1].display_name | Ottawa Hospital |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/03c4mmv16 |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].country_code | CA |
| authorships[8].institutions[2].display_name | University of Ottawa |
| authorships[8].author_position | middle |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | Jeremy M. Grimshaw |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[9].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5001731019 |
| authorships[9].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3398-3114 |
| authorships[9].author.display_name | Amit X. Garg |
| authorships[9].countries | CA |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Division of Nephrology- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[9].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Canada |
| authorships[9].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2800925808 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada |
| authorships[9].affiliations[3].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210147079 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[3].raw_affiliation_string | Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario, Canada |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210147079 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05p6rhy72 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210147079 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].display_name | Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2800925808 |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/037tz0e16 |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].type | healthcare |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2800925808 |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].display_name | London Health Sciences Centre |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/02grkyz14 |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125749732 |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].country_code | CA |
| authorships[9].institutions[2].display_name | Western University |
| authorships[9].author_position | middle |
| authorships[9].raw_author_name | Amit X. Garg |
| authorships[9].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[9].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Canada, Division of Nephrology- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario, Canada, Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada |
| authorships[10].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5070564381 |
| authorships[10].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3978-8961 |
| authorships[10].author.display_name | Monica Taljaard |
| authorships[10].countries | CA |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[10].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[10].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05jtef216 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153718931, https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].country_code | |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].display_name | Ottawa Hospital Research Institute |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03c62dg59 |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].type | healthcare |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2800722420 |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].display_name | Ottawa Hospital |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/03c4mmv16 |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I153718931 |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].country_code | CA |
| authorships[10].institutions[2].display_name | University of Ottawa |
| authorships[10].author_position | last |
| authorships[10].raw_author_name | Monica Taljaard |
| authorships[10].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[10].raw_affiliation_strings | Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Ethical Issues in the Design and Conduct of Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Trials in Hemodialysis Care: An Interview Study With Key Stakeholders |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10804 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Economics, Econometrics and Finance |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9980999827384949 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2002 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Economics and Econometrics |
| primary_topic.display_name | Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2365274035, https://openalex.org/W2355769538, https://openalex.org/W3032525078, https://openalex.org/W2375297571, https://openalex.org/W1994693750, https://openalex.org/W2081816252, https://openalex.org/W2353416011, https://openalex.org/W2390999535, https://openalex.org/W2950442842, https://openalex.org/W2032128256 |
| cited_by_count | 9 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 4 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764509245 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2054-3581 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2054-3581 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | SAGE Publishing |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | SAGE Publishing |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by-nc |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764509245 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2054-3581 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2054-3581 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | SAGE Publishing |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320017 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | SAGE Publishing |
| primary_location.license | cc-by-nc |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120964119 |
| publication_date | 2020-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2020 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2148195379, https://openalex.org/W2131525218, https://openalex.org/W2415318556, https://openalex.org/W1979367963, https://openalex.org/W2096541476, https://openalex.org/W2093192308, https://openalex.org/W2953164295, https://openalex.org/W2607179358, https://openalex.org/W2982560591, https://openalex.org/W2946703756, https://openalex.org/W3023732552, https://openalex.org/W2155615201, https://openalex.org/W2292697333, https://openalex.org/W2132230055, https://openalex.org/W2115742677, https://openalex.org/W2089985096, https://openalex.org/W2027196621, https://openalex.org/W2788498874, https://openalex.org/W2106425414, https://openalex.org/W2996965444, https://openalex.org/W2464250685, https://openalex.org/W2291171449, https://openalex.org/W3082234934, https://openalex.org/W79229537, https://openalex.org/W4243616762, https://openalex.org/W2901932050, https://openalex.org/W1979290264, https://openalex.org/W2460727135, https://openalex.org/W2962535643, https://openalex.org/W2982816903, https://openalex.org/W2972778894, https://openalex.org/W2954494398, https://openalex.org/W2888539263, https://openalex.org/W2970217238, https://openalex.org/W2035137352, https://openalex.org/W4240149506, https://openalex.org/W2159367254, https://openalex.org/W2588335470, https://openalex.org/W2590803452, https://openalex.org/W3026459568, https://openalex.org/W3033063101, https://openalex.org/W2194972324, https://openalex.org/W2940001680, https://openalex.org/W4293114085, https://openalex.org/W2555909811, https://openalex.org/W2754263111, https://openalex.org/W2784134840, https://openalex.org/W1990449134, https://openalex.org/W3022607203 |
| referenced_works_count | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 24, 36, 107, 160, 205, 302, 380 |
| abstract_inverted_index.19 | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.To | 52, 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 327 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 7, 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 204, 297, 377 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 13, 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 31, 49, 59, 63, 101, 115, 129, 190, 194, 225, 320, 358, 369 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 35, 374, 379 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 21, 38, 56, 80, 106, 221, 278, 335, 366 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 73, 104, 111, 117, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 9, 123, 151, 211, 227, 262, 269, 280, 305, 360 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 310 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(1) | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(2) | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(3) | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(4) | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(5) | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(6) | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Six | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aid | 343 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 88, 93, 125, 140, 154, 180, 219, 229, 235, 244, 282, 309, 315, 364 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 265, 345 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.did | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 232, 285, 317, 332 |
| abstract_inverted_index.had | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 246, 375 |
| abstract_inverted_index.six | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 18, 102, 138, 267, 283, 330, 333, 361 |
| abstract_inverted_index.who | 97, 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CRTs | 48, 61, 128, 193, 300, 319, 368 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 266, 346 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.care | 12, 344 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 337 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 176, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 252, 288 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lack | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.less | 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.need | 268, 284 |
| abstract_inverted_index.note | 329 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.role | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 296 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 27, 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.them | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 378 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 133, 141, 147, 157, 167, 173, 181, 188, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.will | 353 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 76, 143, 169, 202, 339 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(84%) | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.North | 177, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.There | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 350 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Trial | 371 |
| abstract_inverted_index.about | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.care. | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.date, | 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.drawn | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.embed | 322 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.group | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.notes | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.offer | 6, 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prior | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.raise | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.roles | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.them. | 326 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trial | 25, 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 23, 68, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 191, 341 |
| abstract_inverted_index.would | 120, 342 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(42%). | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CRTs) | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.access | 226, 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 26, 103, 363 |
| abstract_inverted_index.equity | 307, 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ethics | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.future | 312, 356 |
| abstract_inverted_index.health | 11, 336 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inform | 354 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issues | 44, 58, 295 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other, | 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.staff, | 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study. | 382 |
| abstract_inverted_index.themes | 187, 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trials | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.users) | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.America | 178, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Design: | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Sixteen | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.address | 306 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cluster | 2, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conduct | 105, 365 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ethical | 43, 57, 197, 313, 362 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 328 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improve | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.include | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issues. | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issues: | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.largely | 174, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patient | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.planned | 355 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 351 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reflect | 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.require | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 352 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rights, | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.routine | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggest | 311 |
| abstract_inverted_index.treated | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods: | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Recorded | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results: | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Setting: | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advocacy | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyses | 314 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzed | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach | 304 |
| abstract_inverted_index.burdens, | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concerns | 260, 275, 308 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consent, | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consent. | 144, 298 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consider | 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coverage | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.embedded | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guidance | 316, 357 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identify | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inequity | 277 |
| abstract_inverted_index.informed | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involved | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.members, | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients | 200, 340 |
| abstract_inverted_index.received | 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relating | 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relation | 359 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 40, 89, 215, 234, 248, 281, 287 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thematic | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.verbatim | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(clinical | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In-person | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pragmatic | 1, 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addresses | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis. | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.answering | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach. | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.committee | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 62, 134, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.differing | 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.empirical | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ethicists | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generated | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.important | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in-person | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.knowledge | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outcomes. | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 303, 331 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pragmatic | 47, 60, 108, 127, 192, 318, 367 |
| abstract_inverted_index.questions | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regarding | 276 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research, | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research. | 349 |
| abstract_inverted_index.telephone | 74, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Interviews | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Objective: | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applicable | 376 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approaches | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.facilitate | 347 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individual | 109, 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inequities | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interviews | 75, 146, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.randomized | 3, 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.treatments | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vulnerable | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Background: | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Qualitative | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Transcripts | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.appropriate | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.co-creation | 334 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparative | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interviews. | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opportunity | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perceptions | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.population, | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.qualitative | 381 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stakeholder | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transcribed | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well-known, | 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusions: | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Interviewees | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Limitations: | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Participants | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Registration | 373 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Stakeholders | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gatekeepers, | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hemodialysis | 195, 203, 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individuals. | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Participants: | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Registration: | 372 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectiveness | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hemodialysis, | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hemodialysis. | 50, 64, 130, 370 |
| abstract_inverted_index.international | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigators | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perspectives. | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predominantly | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stakeholders. | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.audio-recorded | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considerations | 324 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infrastructure | 338 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigators, | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methodologists, | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.semi-structured | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patient-centered | 233, 286, 348 |
| abstract_inverted_index.population-level | 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.responsibilities | 220 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5085452163 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 11 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2800722420, https://openalex.org/I4388482656 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.83172784 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |